Hebrew word · H5488

סוּף

suf

Red( Sea)

Suf on its own means reeds or water-plants (Exodus 2:3, 5, the reeds where Moses' basket was laid; Jonah 2:5, 'weeds'). It is probably related to Egyptian twf(y), 'papyrus'. Yam suf is the name of a body of water.

Appears 28 times in 28 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·

What it means

1) of Red Sea

2) of Gulf of Suez

3) of sea from straits to Gulf of Akaba

Also named: eruthros (ἐρυθρός "Red( Sea)" G2063) as "Reed Sea"

Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).

In depth

From the study of Exodus 23:31

Range of meaning

Suf on its own means reeds or water-plants (Exodus 2:3, 5, the reeds where Moses' basket was laid; Jonah 2:5, 'weeds'). It is probably related to Egyptian twf(y), 'papyrus'. Yam suf is the name of a body of water. It refers to the sea crossed at the exodus (Exodus 15:4), to the Gulf of Suez in some itinerary texts, and clearly to the Gulf of Aqaba at Ezion-geber/Eilat (1 Kings 9:26).

Against the English

'Red Sea' comes from the Greek Septuagint (erythra thalassa), which the Vulgate (mare Rubrum) and KJV followed. The Hebrew name contains no 'red'. 'Sea of Reeds', used in some Jewish translations, keeps the Hebrew picture.

How it drifted

The Greek translators used the established Greek name for the southern seas, which also covered the Arabian Sea and Persian Gulf. That name came into English through the Latin.

Used elsewhere in the period

Septuagint Exodus 23:31 and elsewhere: erythra thalassa. 1 Kings 9:26 places Ezion-geber 'on the shore of Yam Suf in the land of Edom'. Egyptian p3-twf (papyrus marsh) appears as a place name in the eastern Delta.

From the study of Nehemiah 9:9

Range of meaning

sûp means 'reeds, rushes, papyrus'. It is used of the reeds at the Nile's edge where the infant Moses was placed (Exod 2:3, 5) and of Nile vegetation (Isa 19:6). It probably comes from the Egyptian word ṯwf, 'papyrus, reeds'. As a compound name, yam sûp in the Hebrew Bible covers more than one body of water: the sea of the crossing (Exod 15:4, 22), a sea near the wilderness route (Num 33:10–11), and clearly the Gulf of Aqaba (1 Kgs 9:26, where Solomon's port Ezion-geber is 'on the shore of Yam Suph').

Against the English

Nearly all English versions say 'Red Sea'. YLT says 'sea of Suph', and some versions add a footnote with 'Sea of Reeds'. The Hebrew does not contain the word 'red'.

How it drifted

The Greek Septuagint (3rd–2nd century BC) translated yam sûp as erythra thalassa, 'Red (Erythraean) Sea'. Greek writers used this name loosely for the Red Sea, its gulfs, the Persian Gulf and the Indian Ocean. The Latin Mare Rubrum followed the Greek, and English Bibles followed the Latin. The geographical association therefore comes from Greek usage and is not a translation of the Hebrew word.

Used elsewhere in the period

Exod 2:3; 10:19; 13:18; 15:4, 22; Num 21:4; 33:10–11; Deut 11:4; 1 Kgs 9:26; Ps 106:7, 9, 22; Septuagint erythra thalassa throughout; Herodotus' 'Erythraean Sea' for southern seas generally.

From the study of Psalm 106:7

Range of meaning

Literally 'Sea of Reeds'. Sûf means reeds or rushes (Exod 2:3, 5, the reeds of the Nile where baby Moses was hidden). In the Old Testament the name covers the sea of the Exodus crossing and also the Gulf of Aqaba (1 Kgs 9:26) and probably the Gulf of Suez (Num 33:10).

Against the English

'Red Sea' (all major English versions) comes from the Greek erythra thalassa. NJPS and some others write 'Sea of Reeds'.

How it drifted

The Septuagint translated yam sûf with the Greek name for the waters south of Egypt and Arabia, and the Vulgate and English versions followed.

Used elsewhere in the period

Exod 13:18; 15:4, 22; Num 33:10–11; 1 Kgs 9:26. The Septuagint uses erythra thalassa throughout. Egyptian texts mention a pꜣ-ṯwf ('papyrus marsh') region in the eastern Delta, often compared with it.

Where it appears

Exodus · 7
  1. Exodus 2:3 בַּסּ֖וּף among the rush[es]

    But when she could no longer hide him, she got him a papyrus basket and coated it with tar and pitch. Then she placed the child in the basket and set it among the reeds along the bank of the Nile.

  2. Exodus 2:5 הַסּ֔וּף the rush[es]

    Soon the daughter of Pharaoh went down to bathe in the Nile, and her attendants were walking along the riverbank. And when she saw the basket among the reeds, she sent her maidservant to retrieve it.

  3. Exodus 10:19 סּ֑וּף reed[s]

    And the LORD changed the wind to a very strong west wind that carried off the locusts and blew them into the Red Sea. Not a single locust remained anywhere in Egypt.

  4. Exodus 13:18 ס֑וּף reed[s]

    So God led the people around by the way of the wilderness toward the Red Sea. And the Israelites left the land of Egypt arrayed for battle.

  5. Exodus 15:4 סֽוּף׃ reed[s]

    Pharaoh’s chariots and army He has cast into the sea; the finest of his officers are drowned in the Red Sea.

  6. Exodus 15:22 ס֔וּף reed[s]

    Then Moses led Israel from the Red Sea, and they went out into the Desert of Shur. For three days they walked in the desert without finding water.

  7. Exodus 23:31 סוּף֙ reed[s]

    And I will establish your borders from the Red Sea to the Sea of the Philistines, and from the desert to the Euphrates. For I will deliver the inhabitants into your hand, and you will drive them out before you.

    Here: Yam Suf, literally 'Sea of Reeds'. As a boundary marker here it most likely means the Gulf of Aqaba, the arm of the Red Sea at Eilat (compare 1 Kings 9:26).

Numbers · 4
  1. Numbers 14:25 סֽוּף׃ פ reed[s]

    Now since the Amalekites and Canaanites are living in the valleys, turn back tomorrow and head for the wilderness along the route to the Red Sea.”

  2. Numbers 21:4 ס֔וּף reed[s]

    Then they set out from Mount Hor along the route to the Red Sea, in order to bypass the land of Edom. But the people grew impatient on the journey

    Here: Sûp means reeds or rushes (the reeds of Exod 2:3). Here Yam Suf must be the eastern arm of the Red Sea, the Gulf of Aqaba (compare 1 Kgs 9:26, Ezion-geber 'on the shore of Yam Suf in the land of Edom'). It is not the place where Israel crossed the sea at the Exodus.

  3. Numbers 33:10 סֽוּף׃ reed[s]

    They set out from Elim and camped by the Red Sea.

  4. Numbers 33:11 ס֑וּף reed[s]

    They set out from the Red Sea and camped in the Desert of Sin.

Deuteronomy · 3
  1. Deuteronomy 1:40 סֽוּף׃ reed[s]

    But you are to turn back and head for the wilderness along the route to the Red Sea.”

  2. Deuteronomy 2:1 ס֔וּף reed[s]

    Then we turned back and headed for the wilderness by way of the Red Sea, as the LORD had instructed me, and for many days we wandered around Mount Seir.

  3. Deuteronomy 11:4 סוּף֙ reed[s]

    what He did to the Egyptian army and horses and chariots when He made the waters of the Red Sea engulf them as they pursued you, and how He destroyed them completely, even to this day;

Joshua · 3
  1. Joshua 2:10 סוּף֙ reed[s]

    For we have heard how the LORD dried up the waters of the Red Sea before you when you came out of Egypt, and what you did to Sihon and Og, the two kings of the Amorites across the Jordan, whom you devoted to destruction.

    Here: Elsewhere sûp means reeds or water plants (Exod 2:3, 5; Isa 19:6; Jonah 2:5). Yam sûp is the name of the sea Israel crossed in Exodus 14–15. The traditional English "Red Sea" comes from the Greek translation, not the Hebrew word.

  2. Joshua 4:23 ס֛וּף reed[s]

    For the LORD your God dried up the waters of the Jordan before you until you had crossed over, just as He did to the Red Sea, which He dried up before us until we had crossed over.

  3. Joshua 24:6 סֽוּף׃ reed[s]

    When I brought your fathers out of Egypt and you reached the Red Sea, the Egyptians pursued them with chariots and horsemen as far as the Red Sea.

    Here: 'Reeds, rushes,' the same word as the reeds where baby Moses' basket was hidden (Exod 2:3). Together the two words make the name 'Sea of Reeds', which Greek and Latin tradition and then English call the 'Red Sea'.

Judges · 1
  1. Judges 11:16 ס֔וּף reed[s]

    But when Israel came up out of Egypt, they traveled through the wilderness to the Red Sea and came to Kadesh.

1 Kings · 1
  1. 1 Kings 9:26 ס֖וּף reed[s]

    King Solomon also assembled a fleet of ships at Ezion-geber, which is near Eloth in Edom, on the shore of the Red Sea.

Nehemiah · 1
  1. Nehemiah 9:9 סֽוּף׃ reed[s]

    You saw the affliction of our fathers in Egypt; You heard their cry at the Red Sea.

    Here: Literally 'reeds' (the word used for the reeds of the Nile in Exodus 2:3). 'Yam Suph' is the traditional Hebrew name of the sea of the crossing. The familiar 'Red Sea' comes from the Greek translation, not the Hebrew.

Psalms · 5
  1. Psalm 106:7 סֽוּף׃ reed[s]

    Our fathers in Egypt did not grasp Your wonders or remember Your abundant kindness; but they rebelled by the sea, there at the Red Sea.

    Here: 'Reeds': yam sûf is literally the 'Sea of Reeds', the sea of the Exodus crossing. English 'Red Sea' comes from the Greek translation.

  2. Psalm 106:9 ס֭וּף reed[s]

    He rebuked the Red Sea, and it dried up; He led them through the depths as through a desert.

    Here: Part of the proper name yam sûp, literally 'Sea of Reeds,' the traditional name of the water Israel crossed when it left Egypt. The same word appears two verses earlier (v. 7), where Israel 'rebelled at the sea, at the Sea of Reeds,' so the rescue happens at the very place of their failure.

  3. Psalm 106:22 סֽוּף׃ reed[s]

    wondrous works in the land of Ham, and awesome deeds by the Red Sea.

  4. Psalm 136:13 ס֭וּף reed[s]

    He divided the Red Sea in two His loving devotion endures forever.

  5. Psalm 136:15 ס֑וּף reed[s]

    but swept Pharaoh and his army into the Red Sea. His loving devotion endures forever.

Isaiah · 1
  1. Isaiah 19:6 וָס֖וּף and rush[es]

    The canals will stink; the streams of Egypt will trickle and dry up; the reeds and rushes will wither.

Jeremiah · 1
  1. Jeremiah 49:21 ס֖וּף reed[s]

    At the sound of their fall the earth will quake; their cry will resound to the Red Sea.

Jonah · 1
  1. Jonah 2:5 ס֖וּף rush[es]

    The waters engulfed me to take my life; the watery depths closed around me; the seaweed wrapped around my head.

Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.