Hebrew word · H5592

סַף

saf

threshold

Threshold or doorsill. A second, unrelated word with the same spelling means basin or bowl (Exod 12:22; 1 Kgs 7:50). The "keepers of the threshold" (šōmərê hassap̄) were senior temple officials (2 Kgs 12:9; 22:4; 25:18; Jer 35:4).

Appears 32 times in 28 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·

What it means

1) threshold, sill

1a) threshold, sill, door-keeper

Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).

In depth

From the study of Ezekiel 40:6

Range of meaning

Threshold or doorsill. A second, unrelated word with the same spelling means basin or bowl (Exod 12:22; 1 Kgs 7:50). The "keepers of the threshold" (šōmərê hassap̄) were senior temple officials (2 Kgs 12:9; 22:4; 25:18; Jer 35:4).

Against the English

"Threshold" fits. Here, though, it is a massive stone sill about 3 metres deep, not a thin strip of wood at the bottom of a door.

Used elsewhere in the period

Thresholds were treated with special care in Israel and nearby (1 Sam 5:5, Dagon's priests do not step on the threshold; Zeph 1:9). In Ezek 43:8 God complains that Judah's kings set "their threshold beside my threshold," with only a wall between palace and temple. That verse uses the same word.

From the study of 2 Kings 23:4

Range of meaning

Saf means a threshold or doorsill. (A different word with the same spelling means 'basin'.) Shomer means 'one who guards, watches, keeps'. The phrase 'keepers of the threshold' is an official title for temple officers who controlled entry into the sanctuary and handled the money brought in by worshippers (2 Kgs 12:9 [Heb. 12:10]; 22:4).

Against the English

KJV 'keepers of the door', BSB/NIV 'doorkeepers', ESV/WEB/YLT 'keepers of the threshold'. 'Doorkeepers' suggests ushers or porters. 'Keepers of the threshold' keeps the sacred-boundary picture.

How it drifted

In modern English 'doorkeeper' and 'gatekeeper' sound like low-level jobs. In the temple the threshold was a charged boundary between common and holy space, and the men who guarded it held some of its highest offices.

Used elsewhere in the period

In 2 Kings 25:18 (= Jer 52:24) the Babylonians take 'the chief priest Seraiah, the second priest Zephaniah, and the three keepers of the threshold' and execute them at Riblah with the top royal officials. That makes the threshold-keepers a small elite group of three. Jeremiah 35:4 names Maaseiah 'keeper of the threshold', who had a chamber in the temple. Thresholds had ritual weight across the ancient Near East (cf. 1 Sam 5:5; Zeph 1:9, 'those who leap over the threshold').

From the study of Exodus 12:22

Range of meaning

Two words spelled the same way. (1) 'Basin, bowl', a vessel, for example the temple basins (1 Kgs 7:50; Jer 52:19) and household bowls (2 Sam 17:28). (2) 'Threshold, sill' of a door (Judg 19:27; 1 Kgs 14:17; Ezek 40:6–7), also used of the temple 'keepers of the threshold' (2 Kgs 12:9).

Against the English

KJV, WEB, BSB and most modern versions say 'basin'. Some commentators and a few translations note 'threshold'. The Greek Septuagint and the Latin Vulgate both took it as the threshold.

Used elsewhere in the period

Septuagint: 'the blood that is by the door (para tēn thyran)'. Vulgate: 'in limine' (on the threshold). Early rabbinic commentary on Exodus (the Mekhilta) records both interpretations. Modern commentators are split (see e.g. Propp, Anchor Bible; Sarna, JPS).

Where it appears

Exodus · 2
  1. Exodus 12:22 בַּסַּף֒ בַּסָּ֑ף [is] in the basin

    Take a cluster of hyssop, dip it into the blood in the basin, and brush the blood on the top and sides of the doorframe. None of you shall go out the door of his house until morning.

    Here: Hebrew has two words spelled saf: 'basin, bowl' and 'threshold, sill'. The supplied data reads 'basin'; the ancient Greek and Latin translations read 'threshold'. Either way, the blood was collected right where the animal was killed.

Judges · 1
  1. Judges 19:27 הַסַּֽף׃ the threshold

    In the morning, when her master got up and opened the doors of the house to go out on his journey, there was his concubine, collapsed in the doorway of the house, with her hands on the threshold.

2 Samuel · 1
  1. 2 Samuel 17:28 וְסַפּוֹת֙ and basins

    They brought beds, basins, and earthen vessels, as well as wheat, barley, flour, roasted grain, beans, lentils,

1 Kings · 2
  1. 1 Kings 7:50 וְ֠הַסִּפּוֹת and the basins

    the pure gold basins, wick trimmers, sprinkling bowls, ladles, and censers; and the gold hinges for the doors of the inner temple (that is, the Most Holy Place) as well as for the doors of the main hall of the temple.

  2. 1 Kings 14:17 בְסַף־ at [the] threshold of

    Then Jeroboam’s wife got up and departed for Tirzah, and as soon as she stepped over the threshold of the house, the boy died.

2 Kings · 5
  1. 2 Kings 12:9 הַסַּ֔ף the threshold

    Then Jehoiada the priest took a chest, bored a hole in its lid, and set it beside the altar on the right side as one enters the house of the LORD. There the priests who guarded the threshold put all the money brought into the house of the LORD.

  2. 2 Kings 12:13 סִפּ֥וֹת basins of

    However, the money brought into the house of the LORD was not used for making silver basins, wick trimmers, sprinkling bowls, trumpets, or any articles of gold or silver for the house of the LORD.

  3. 2 Kings 22:4 הַסַּ֖ף the threshold

    “Go up to Hilkiah the high priest and have him count the money that has been brought into the house of the LORD, which the doorkeepers have collected from the people.

  4. 2 Kings 23:4 הַסַּף֒ the threshold

    Then the king commanded Hilkiah the high priest, the priests second in rank, and the doorkeepers to remove from the temple of the LORD all the articles made for Baal, Asherah, and all the host of heaven. And he burned them outside Jerusalem in the fields of Kidron and carried their ashes to Bethel.

    Here: The temple threshold, the holy boundary between outside and inside. Its 'keepers' were a small group of senior officials, not ordinary door attendants.

  5. 2 Kings 25:18 הַסַּֽף׃ the threshold

    The captain of the guard also took away Seraiah the chief priest, Zephaniah the priest of second rank, and the three doorkeepers.

    Here: 'The threshold' of the temple: the boundary between the street and holy space. Its keepers controlled entry and handled the money given at the temple (2 Kgs 12:9; 22:4).

1 Chronicles · 2
  1. 1 Chronicles 9:19 הַסִּפִּ֖ים the thresholds

    Shallum son of Kore, the son of Ebiasaph, the son of Korah, and his relatives from the Korahites were assigned to guard the thresholds of the Tent, just as their fathers had been assigned to guard the entrance to the dwelling of the LORD.

  2. 1 Chronicles 9:22 בַּסִּפִּ֔ים at the thresholds

    The number of those chosen to be gatekeepers at the thresholds was 212. They were registered by genealogy in their villages. David and Samuel the seer had appointed them to their positions of trust.

2 Chronicles · 3
  1. 2 Chronicles 3:7 הַסִּפִּ֛ים the thresholds

    He overlaid its beams, thresholds, walls, and doors with gold, and he carved cherubim on the walls.

  2. 2 Chronicles 23:4 הַסִּפִּֽים׃ the thresholds

    This is what you are to do: A third of you priests and Levites who come on duty on the Sabbath shall keep watch at the doors,

  3. 2 Chronicles 34:9 הַסַּ֜ף the threshold

    So they went to Hilkiah the high priest and gave him the money that had been brought into the house of God, which the Levites who guarded the doors had collected from the people of Manasseh and Ephraim, from all the remnant of Israel, from all Judah and Benjamin, and from the people of Jerusalem.

Esther · 2
  1. Esther 2:21 הַסַּ֔ף the threshold

    In those days, while Mordecai was sitting at the king’s gate, Bigthan and Teresh, two of the king’s eunuchs who guarded the entrance, grew angry and conspired to assassinate King Xerxes.

  2. Esther 6:2 הַסַּ֑ף the threshold

    And there it was found recorded that Mordecai had exposed Bigthana and Teresh, two of the eunuchs who guarded the king’s entrance, when they had conspired to assassinate King Xerxes.

    Here: The threshold or doorway, here the entrance to the king's private rooms. Guarding it meant controlling who could physically reach the king. That was a post of high trust, not a porter's job.

Isaiah · 1
  1. Isaiah 6:4 הַסִּפִּ֔ים the thresholds

    At the sound of their voices the doorposts and thresholds shook, and the temple was filled with smoke.

    Here: 'The thresholds': the great stone sills of the temple entrance. The temple's threshold was a guarded boundary; its 'keepers of the threshold' were senior priests (2 Kgs 25:18). The boundary between outside and holy space is what shakes.

Jeremiah · 3
  1. Jeremiah 35:4 הַסַּֽף׃ the threshold

    and I brought them into the house of the LORD, to a chamber occupied by the sons of Hanan son of Igdaliah, a man of God. This room was near the chamber of the officials, which was above the chamber of Maaseiah son of Shallum the doorkeeper.

    Here: The threshold, the doorway into sacred space. 'Keeper of the threshold' was a senior temple office. Only three such keepers are listed among Jerusalem's top officials (Jer 52:24).

  2. Jeremiah 52:19 הַ֠סִּפִּים the basins

    The captain of the guard also took away the basins, censers, sprinkling bowls, pots, lampstands, pans, and drink offering bowls—anything made of pure gold or fine silver.

  3. Jeremiah 52:24 הַסַּֽף׃ the threshold

    The captain of the guard also took away Seraiah the chief priest, Zephaniah the priest of second rank, and the three doorkeepers.

    Here: 'The threshold' of the temple. Control of the threshold meant control of access to the sacred space and, as 2 Kings 12:9 shows, of the money brought in. This was a post of real authority.

Ezekiel · 7
  1. Ezekiel 40:6 סַ֣ף סַ֣ף [the] threshold of, [the] threshold

    Then he came to the gate facing east and climbed its steps. He measured the threshold of the gate to be one rod deep.

    Here: The threshold of the gate. Here it is the stone sill at the entrance, set into a wall one rod thick (40:5). Thresholds marked the line between outside and inside, and between ordinary and holy.

  2. Ezekiel 40:7 וְסַ֣ף and [the] threshold of

    Each gate chamber was one rod long and one rod wide, and there were five cubits between the gate chambers. The inner threshold of the gate by the portico facing inward was one rod deep.

  3. Ezekiel 41:16 הַסִּפִּ֡ים הַסַּ֛ף the thresholds, the threshold

    as well as the thresholds and the beveled windows and the galleries all around with their three levels opposite the threshold, were overlaid with wood on all sides. They were paneled from the ground to the windows, and the windows were covered.

  4. Ezekiel 43:8 סִפָּ֜ם סִפִּ֗י threshold their, threshold my

    When they placed their threshold next to My threshold and their doorposts beside My doorposts, with only a wall between Me and them, they defiled My holy name by the abominations they committed. Therefore I have consumed them in My anger.

Amos · 1
  1. Amos 9:1 הַסִּפִּ֗ים the thresholds

    I saw the Lord standing beside the altar, and He said: “Strike the tops of the pillars so that the thresholds shake. Topple them on the heads of all the people, and I will kill the rest with the sword. None of those who flee will get away; none of the fugitives will escape.

    Here: The stone sills at the entrances, the lowest part of the doorway. Paired with 'capital', the two words cover the building from top to bottom.

Zephaniah · 1
  1. Zephaniah 2:14 בַּסַּ֔ף [will be] on the threshold

    Herds will lie down in her midst, creatures of every kind. Both the desert owl and screech owl will roost atop her pillars. Their calls will sound from the window, but desolation will lie on the threshold, for He will expose the beams of cedar.

Zechariah · 1
  1. Zechariah 12:2 סַף־ a basin of

    “Behold, I will make Jerusalem a cup of drunkenness to all the surrounding peoples. Judah will be besieged, as well as Jerusalem.

    Here: A wide bowl or basin, the kind used for blood at Passover (Exodus 12:22) or among the temple vessels. It is larger than an ordinary drinking cup, a vessel that many could drink from. The word is in a linked phrase: 'basin of…'.

Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.