Hebrew word · H5688

עֲבֹת

'avot

cord

Something twisted or interwoven. (1) A rope or cord (Judges 15:13–14; 16:11–12; Isaiah 5:18 'cart ropes'; Hosea 11:4 'cords of love'); also twisted gold chains on the high priest's breastpiece (Exodus 28:14).

Appears 24 times in 23 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·

What it means

1) cord, rope, cordage, foliage, interwoven foliage

1a) cord, rope, cordage, chain

1b) interwoven foliage

Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).

In depth

From the study of Psalm 118:27

Range of meaning

Something twisted or interwoven. (1) A rope or cord (Judges 15:13–14; 16:11–12; Isaiah 5:18 'cart ropes'; Hosea 11:4 'cords of love'); also twisted gold chains on the high priest's breastpiece (Exodus 28:14). (2) Thick, interwoven foliage or leafy boughs (Ezekiel 19:11; 31:3, 10, 14), and in the phrase ʿēṣ ʿābōt, 'leafy tree' (Leviticus 23:40; Nehemiah 8:15; Ezekiel 6:13). Lexicons differ on whether these are one word or two words that sound the same; the shared idea is 'thickly intertwined'.

Against the English

'Cords' (KJV, BSB, ESV, NASB, WEB, YLT) takes sense 1. 'Branches/boughs' (NRSV, NIV) takes sense 2.

Used elsewhere in the period

Leviticus 23:40 is the decisive parallel for the branch reading: at the Feast of Booths Israel is told to take 'branches of leafy trees' (ʿēṣ-ʿābōt) and rejoice before YHWH. The Septuagint renders our verse en tois pykazousin, 'with the thick-leaved [boughs]', and Jerome's translation from the Hebrew has a similar 'leafy' sense. The Mishnah (Sukkah 4:5) describes willow branches set up around the altar with their tops leaning over it, and the procession circling it.

From the study of Ezekiel 31:3

Range of meaning

The basic word means 'cord, rope' (Judg 15:13). A related use describes something 'interwoven, dense, leafy': 'leafy trees' (Lev 23:40; Neh 8:15), 'every leafy oak' (Ezek 6:13). A separate word, ʿāb (plural ʿābîm / ʿābôt), means 'cloud.'

Against the English

KJV/WEB 'thick boughs' and YLT 'thickets' follow the Hebrew pointing. BSB, ESV and NASB 'clouds' follow the Greek. NIV 'thick foliage' follows the Hebrew.

Used elsewhere in the period

The same phrase recurs in Ezek 19:11 and 31:10, 14. In each place the Septuagint has 'clouds' (nephelai). In Ezekiel 19:11, too, translations are split between 'clouds' and 'thick branches.'

From the study of Psalm 2:3

Range of meaning

A cord or rope, especially a thick, twisted or braided one. It is probably related to the adjective ʿābōt, "thick, dense, interwoven" (used of leafy trees). It is used for binding prisoners, tying sacrifices, pulling carts and harnessing animals, and figuratively for the "cords" that bind or draw someone.

Against the English

"Cords" (KJV, BSB, WEB, ESV) is acceptable but can sound thin, like string. YLT's "thick bands" keeps the heaviness. "Shackles" (NIV) changes rope into metal.

Used elsewhere in the period

Judg 15:13–14 and 16:11–12 (the new ropes that bound Samson). Job 39:10: binding the wild ox to the furrow with a rope. Isa 5:18: cart-ropes. Ps 118:27: binding the sacrifice with cords. Hos 11:4: God drew Israel "with cords of love," the same word for a bond meant as care. The Septuagint renders it zygon, "yoke," which shows how early readers understood the image.

Where it appears

Exodus · 8
  1. Exodus 28:14 עֲבֹ֑ת הָעֲבֹתֹ֖ת cordage, the cords

    and two chains of pure gold, made of braided cord work; and attach these chains to the settings.

  2. Exodus 28:22 עֲבֹ֑ת cordage

    For the breastpiece, make braided chains like cords of pure gold.

  3. Exodus 28:24 עֲבֹתֹ֣ת [the] cords of

    Then fasten the two gold chains to the two gold rings at the corners of the breastpiece,

  4. Exodus 28:25 הָעֲבֹתֹ֔ת the cords

    and fasten the other ends of the two chains to the two filigree settings, attaching them to the shoulder pieces of the ephod at the front.

  5. Exodus 39:15 עֲבֹ֑ת cordage

    For the breastpiece they made braided chains like cords of pure gold.

    Here: A twisted cord or rope; elsewhere the ropes that bound Samson (Judges 15:13–14) and the 'cords' of a cart (Isa 5:18). 'Cord-work' means the gold chains were made to look like rope, strands twisted together, not flat links.

  6. Exodus 39:17 הָעֲבֹתֹ֣ת the cords

    Then they fastened the two gold chains to the two gold rings at the corners of the breastpiece,

  7. Exodus 39:18 הָֽעֲבֹתֹ֔ת the cords

    and they fastened the other ends of the two chains to the two filigree settings, attaching them to the shoulder pieces of the ephod at the front.

    Here: 'The cords'. These are the twisted gold cords of verse 15 ('like cords, rope-work of pure gold'). Picture braided or plaited gold wire, not a chain of links.

Judges · 4
  1. Judges 15:13 עֲבֹתִ֣ים ropes

    “No,” they answered, “we will not kill you, but we will tie you up securely and hand you over to them.” So they bound him with two new ropes and led him up from the rock.

  2. Judges 15:14 הָעֲבֹתִ֜ים the ropes

    When Samson arrived in Lehi, the Philistines came out shouting against him. And the Spirit of the LORD came mightily upon him. The ropes on his arms became like burnt flax, and the bonds broke loose from his hands.

    Here: 'The ropes': thick, twisted cords. The article points back to v. 13, the two new ropes, the strongest binding the Judahites could find.

  3. Judges 16:11 בַּעֲבֹתִ֣ים with ropes

    He replied, “If they tie me up with new ropes that have never been used, I will become as weak as any other man.”

  4. Judges 16:12 עֲבֹתִ֨ים ropes

    So Delilah took new ropes, tied him up with them, and called out, “Samson, the Philistines are here!” But while the men were hidden in her room, he snapped the ropes off his arms like they were threads.

Job · 1
  1. Job 39:10 עֲבֹת֑וֹ rope its

    Can you hold him to the furrow with a harness? Will he plow the valleys behind you?

Psalms · 3
  1. Psalm 2:3 עֲבֹתֵֽימוֹ׃ ropes their

    “Let us break Their chains and cast away Their cords.”

    Here: "Their ropes": heavy twisted rope of the kind used to tie up Samson, hitch a cart or bind an animal to the plow. It closes the verse with the same rhyming -têmō sound that ends the first half.

  2. Psalm 118:27 בַּעֲבֹתִ֑ים with ropes

    The LORD is God; He has made His light to shine upon us. Bind the festal sacrifice with cords to the horns of the altar.

    Here: 'With ropes', or, from the same idea of something thickly interwoven, 'with leafy branches'. The same word describes the 'leafy trees' whose branches Israel carried at the Feast of Booths (Leviticus 23:40; Nehemiah 8:15). Which sense is meant here is the central question of the verse.

  3. Psalm 129:4 עֲב֣וֹת [the] rope of

    The LORD is righteous; He has cut me from the cords of the wicked.

Isaiah · 1
  1. Isaiah 5:18 וְכַעֲב֥וֹת and like [the] rope of

    Woe to those who draw iniquity with cords of deceit and pull sin along with cart ropes,

    Here: 'And as with the rope of'. ʿĂbōt is a heavy rope or harness cord, used for binding (Judg 15:13). The verb 'drag' carries over: sin is hauled the way a cart is hauled.

Ezekiel · 6
  1. Ezekiel 3:25 עֲבוֹתִ֔ים ropes

    And you, son of man, they will tie with ropes, and you will be bound so that you cannot go out among the people.

  2. Ezekiel 4:8 עֲבוֹתִ֑ים ropes

    Now behold, I will tie you up with ropes so you cannot turn from side to side until you have finished the days of your siege.

  3. Ezekiel 19:11 עֲבֹתִ֑ים branches

    It had strong branches, fit for a ruler’s scepter. It towered high above the thick branches, conspicuous for its height and for its dense foliage.

  4. Ezekiel 31:3 עֲבֹתִ֔ים branches

    Look at Assyria, a cedar in Lebanon, with beautiful branches that shaded the forest. It towered on high; its top was among the clouds.

    Here: As the Hebrew is pointed, it means 'dense, interwoven boughs.' The ancient Greek translation, and most modern versions, read it as 'clouds' (Hebrew ʿāb), which pictures a crown piercing the sky.

  5. Ezekiel 31:10 עֲבוֹתִ֔ים branches

    Therefore this is what the Lord GOD says: ‘Since it became great in height and set its top among the clouds, and it grew proud on account of its height,

  6. Ezekiel 31:14 עֲבֹתִ֔ים branches

    This happened so that no other trees by the waters would become great in height and set their tops among the clouds, and no other well-watered trees would reach them in height. For they have all been consigned to death, to the depths of the earth, among the mortals who descend to the Pit.’

Hosea · 1
  1. Hosea 11:4 בַּעֲבֹת֣וֹת with ropes of

    I led them with cords of kindness, with ropes of love; I lifted the yoke from their necks and bent down to feed them.

    Here: A heavier, twisted rope, the kind used to tie Samson or to pull carts. It is parallel to 'cords', and the step up to a thicker rope makes the bond stronger, not weaker.

Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.