Hebrew word · H6721
צִידוֹן
tzidon
Sidon
The Phoenician city of Sidon (modern Saida, Lebanon); by extension its people, and in older usage the Phoenicians as a whole ('Sidonians', Judg 3:3; 1 Kgs 5:6; 16:31).
Appears 22 times in 22 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·
What it means
§ Sidon = "hunting"
ancient Phoenician city, on Mediterranean coast north of Tyre
Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).
In depth
From the study of Genesis 10:15
- Range of meaning
The Phoenician city of Sidon (modern Saida, Lebanon); by extension its people, and in older usage the Phoenicians as a whole ('Sidonians', Judg 3:3; 1 Kgs 5:6; 16:31).
- Against the English
Rendered 'Sidon' everywhere. Some paraphrases add 'ancestor of the Sidonians' to make clear that a people is meant.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Phoenician ṢDN. Homer calls Phoenicians 'Sidonians' (Iliad 6.290; Odyssey 4.84). 1 Kgs 16:31 calls Ethbaal, king of Tyre, 'king of the Sidonians', so the city's name served as a general name for Phoenicians. The name is often connected with the root ṣwd, 'to hunt, fish', i.e. 'fishing place', though this is not certain.
From the study of 1 Kings 17:9
- Range of meaning
The ancient Phoenician city of Sidon, and the territory it controlled. 'Sidonians' was also a general word for Phoenicians as a whole. Ethbaal is called 'king of the Sidonians' (1 Kgs 16:31) even though other sources say he ruled from Tyre.
- Against the English
The BSB's 'Zarephath of Sidon' and the KJV/WEB's 'which belongs to Sidon' both get the point across: the town belongs to Sidon's territory.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Gen 10:15 (Sidon as Canaan's firstborn); Judg 10:6 and 1 Kgs 11:5 ('the gods of the Sidonians', 'Ashtoreth goddess of the Sidonians'). Josephus (Antiquities 8.324) quotes the Phoenician historian Menander, who says that under Ithobalos (Ethbaal) there was a drought lasting a year that ended after the king prayed. Many scholars connect this with the Elijah drought.
- Range of meaning
Sidon was the main Phoenician city of the Late Bronze and early Iron Age. 'Sidonians' was used loosely for Phoenicians in general (Judg 3:3; 1 Kgs 5:6; 16:31). 'Rabbah', 'great', can mean large, chief or capital. Compare 'Rabbah' of the Ammonites and 'Hamath the great' in Amos 6:2.
- Against the English
KJV and WEB 'great Zidon/Sidon'. BSB 'Greater Sidon' suggests the city plus its surrounding territory, which is a reasonable interpretation but a little more specific than the Hebrew.
- Used elsewhere in the period
The same phrase occurs in Josh 19:28 as a reference point for Asher's boundary. Homer calls the Phoenicians 'Sidonians', showing how far the name had spread for the coastal people as a group.
Similar words
Where it appears
Genesis · 3
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Genesis 10:15 צִידֹ֥ן Sidon
And Canaan was the father of Sidon his firstborn, and of the Hittites,
Here: The ancient Phoenician port city on the coast of modern Lebanon, pictured as a person, Canaan's eldest son. It stands for the city and its people, the Sidonians.
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Genesis 10:19 מִצִּידֹ֔ן from Sidon
and the borders of Canaan extended from Sidon toward Gerar as far as Gaza, and then toward Sodom, Gomorrah, Admah, and Zeboiim, as far as Lasha.
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Genesis 49:13 צִידֹֽן׃ ס Sidon
Zebulun shall dwell by the seashore and become a harbor for ships; his border shall extend to Sidon.
Joshua · 2
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Joshua 11:8 צִיד֣וֹן Sidon
and the LORD delivered them into the hand of Israel, who struck them down and pursued them all the way to Greater Sidon and Misrephoth-maim, and eastward as far as the Valley of Mizpeh. They struck them down, leaving no survivors.
Here: The leading Phoenician port city on the Lebanese coast, far to the northwest of Galilee. It marks how far one group of fugitives ran.
-
Joshua 19:28 צִיד֥וֹן Sidon
It went on to Ebron, Rehob, Hammon, and Kanah, as far as Greater Sidon.
Judges · 3
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Judges 1:31 צִיד֑וֹן Sidon
Asher failed to drive out the inhabitants of Acco, Sidon, Ahlab, Achzib, Helbah, Aphik, and Rehob.
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Judges 10:6 צִיד֜וֹן Sidon
And again the Israelites did evil in the sight of the LORD. They served the Baals, the Ashtoreths, the gods of Aram, Sidon, and Moab, and the gods of the Ammonites and Philistines. Thus they forsook the LORD and did not serve Him.
Here: The Phoenician port city on the coast to the northwest, famous for its Baal and Astarte worship (1 Kings 11:5 calls Ashtoreth "the goddess of the Sidonians").
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Judges 18:28 מִצִּיד֗וֹן from Sidon
There was no one to deliver them, because the city was far from Sidon and had no alliance with anyone; it was in a valley near Beth-rehob. And the Danites rebuilt the city and lived there.
2 Samuel · 1
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2 Samuel 24:6 צִידֽוֹן׃ Sidon
Then they went to Gilead and the land of Tahtim-hodshi, and on to Dan-jaan and around to Sidon.
1 Kings · 1
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1 Kings 17:9 לְצִיד֔וֹן [belongs] to Sidon
“Get up and go to Zarephath of Sidon, and stay there. Behold, I have commanded a widow there to provide for you.”
Here: 'To/of Sidon': the town lies in Sidon's territory. Readers have just been told that Jezebel was the daughter of 'Ethbaal king of the Sidonians' (16:31), so this is her family's country.
1 Chronicles · 1
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1 Chronicles 1:13 צִיד֥וֹן Sidon
And Canaan was the father of Sidon his firstborn, and of the Hittites,
Isaiah · 3
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Isaiah 23:2 צִיד֛וֹן Sidon
Be silent, O dwellers of the coastland, you merchants of Sidon, whose traders have crossed the sea.
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Isaiah 23:4 צִיד֔וֹן O Sidon
Be ashamed, O Sidon, the stronghold of the sea, for the sea has spoken: “I have not been in labor or given birth. I have not raised young men or brought up young women.”
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Isaiah 23:12 צִיד֗וֹן Sidon
He said, “You shall rejoice no more, O oppressed Virgin Daughter of Sidon. Get up and cross over to Cyprus—even there you will find no rest.”
Here: The old Phoenician port north of Tyre. In a poem chiefly about Tyre, the name may stand for the Phoenician people generally, since Israelites could call Phoenicians 'Sidonians'.
Jeremiah · 3
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Jeremiah 25:22 צִיד֑וֹן Sidon
all the kings of Tyre and Sidon; the kings of the coastlands across the sea;
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Jeremiah 27:3 צִיד֑וֹן Sidon
Send word to the kings of Edom, Moab, Ammon, Tyre, and Sidon through the envoys who have come to Jerusalem to Zedekiah king of Judah.
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Jeremiah 47:4 וּלְצִיד֔וֹן and to Sidon
For the day has come to destroy all the Philistines, to cut off from Tyre and Sidon every remaining ally. Indeed, the LORD is about to destroy the Philistines, the remnant from the coasts of Caphtor.
Here: Sidon, Tyre's sister city on the Phoenician coast. The two together stand for the whole Phoenician seaboard.
Ezekiel · 3
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Ezekiel 27:8 צִידוֹן֙ Sidon
The men of Sidon and Arvad were your oarsmen. Your men of skill, O Tyre, were there as your captains.
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Ezekiel 28:21 צִיד֑וֹן Sidon
“Son of man, set your face against Sidon and prophesy against her.
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Ezekiel 28:22 צִיד֔וֹן O Sidon
And you are to declare that this is what the Lord GOD says: ‘Behold, I am against you, O Sidon, and I will be glorified within you. They will know that I am the LORD when I execute judgments against her and demonstrate My holiness through her.
Here: The old Phoenician port city about 40 km north of Tyre, addressed directly. This short oracle (28:20–26) is the only one in Ezekiel aimed at Sidon.
Joel · 1
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Joel 3:4 וְצִיד֔וֹן and Sidon
Now what do you have against Me, O Tyre, Sidon, and all the regions of Philistia? Are you rendering against Me a recompense? If you retaliate against Me, I will swiftly and speedily return your recompense upon your heads.
Here: Tyre's sister city to the north, the other great Phoenician merchant center; the two are routinely named as a pair.
Zechariah · 1
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Zechariah 9:2 וְצִיד֔וֹן and Sidon
and also against Hamath, which borders it, as well as Tyre and Sidon, though they are very shrewd.
Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.