Hebrew word · H6763
צֵלָע
tzela'-
side
Side or flank of something. Body usage appears only in Genesis 2:21–22.
Appears 40 times in 31 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·
What it means
1) side, rib, beam
1a) rib (of man)
1b) rib (of hill, ridge, etc)
1c) side-chambers or cells (of temple structure)
1d) rib, plank, board (of cedar or fir)
1e) leaves (of door)
1f) side (of ark)
Aramaic equivalent: a.la (עֲלַע "rib" H5967)
Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).
In depth
From the study of Genesis 2:21
- Range of meaning
Side or flank of something. Outside this chapter it is always architectural or landscape language: the sides of the ark of the covenant (Exodus 25:12, 14), the sides or side-frames of the tabernacle (Exodus 26:20, 26–27), the side-chambers built around Solomon's temple (1 Kings 6:5, 8; Ezekiel 41:5–11), cedar planks or beams (1 Kings 6:15–16), and the side of a hill (2 Samuel 16:13). Body usage appears only in Genesis 2:21–22.
- Against the English
Almost every English version has 'rib' (KJV, BSB, WEB, YLT, NIV, ESV, NASB, NLT). Some modern versions and footnotes give 'side' or 'part of his side'. 'Rib' is a fair rendering, since ribs are curved side-members of the body much as tsela'ot are side-members of a building. But it narrows a word that more naturally means 'side' or 'side-piece'.
- How it drifted
'Rib' came into English through the Latin Vulgate's costa (rib). The Greek Septuagint's pleura can mean either 'rib' or 'side'. Once 'rib' was established, the broader architectural sense dropped out of view for English readers.
- Used elsewhere in the period
The Septuagint has pleura, which covers 'side' and 'rib' (the same word is used in John 19:34 for Jesus' pierced side). The Vulgate has costa. The rabbis argued over it: in b. Berakhot 61a and Genesis Rabbah 8:1 and 17:6, one sage takes tsela as a 'face' or 'side', meaning the first human was two-sided and was split in two, while another takes it as an appendage. Among modern proposals, Kramer connected the story to the Sumerian myth Enki and Ninhursag, where the goddess Nin-ti heals Enki's rib and her name can mean both 'lady of the rib' and 'lady who gives life'. That link is suggestive but disputed. Zevit (2013) argued that a different body part is meant, but few scholars accept this.
From the study of 1 Kings 6:15
- Range of meaning
A rib, a side (of a body, a hill or a building), a side-chamber, and in carpentry a plank or board. The idea is a curved or lateral member that belongs to a larger structure.
- Against the English
BSB 'paneling/boards', KJV 'boards/planks' and YLT 'ribs/beams'. The modern versions rightly give the carpentry sense. YLT's 'ribs' keeps the literal word but sounds odd in English.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Genesis 2:21–22, the 'rib/side' taken from the man. Exodus 25–27, the sides of the ark and the altar. 1 Kings 6:5, 8, the side-chambers of the temple. 1 Kings 6:15–16, the boards. Ezekiel 41 uses the same word for the temple's side-rooms.
- Range of meaning
Basic sense 'rib' (Gen 2:21–22). Extended to 'side' of an object or place: the sides of the ark of the covenant and of the tabernacle (Exod 25:12, 14; 26:20, 26–27), the side of a hill (2 Sam 16:13). In building it can mean a beam or plank (1 Kgs 6:15–16), a door leaf (1 Kgs 6:34), and a side-chamber (here; Ezek 41:5–11). Related to Akkadian ṣēlu, 'rib, side'.
- Against the English
KJV 'chambers', BSB 'side rooms', WEB 'side rooms', YLT 'sides', ESV/NASB 'side chambers'. All are accurate. None can carry the bodily picture of ribs lining a torso, which a Hebrew hearer would have caught.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Common in Exodus for the sides of the tabernacle furnishings. Ezekiel 41 uses it for 30 side-cells on each of three levels around the visionary temple, the closest parallel in the Bible. Ugaritic and Akkadian cognates (related words) carry the same 'rib/side' range.
Where it appears
Genesis · 2
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Genesis 2:21 מִצַּלְעֹתָ֔יו of ribs his
So the LORD God caused the man to fall into a deep sleep, and while he slept, He took one of the man’s ribs and closed up the area with flesh.
Here: The key and debated word. In the rest of the Bible tsela means the side of something, or a side-plank, beam or side-room of a building. Only here does it refer to a body, where it is traditionally read as 'rib'. 'One of his tsela'ot' could mean one rib, or a side-section of the man.
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Genesis 2:22 הַצֵּלָ֛ע the rib
And from the rib that the LORD God had taken from the man, He made a woman and brought her to him.
Here: 'The side' that God took in 2:21. Everywhere else in the Hebrew Bible the word means the side of a structure (the ark, the tabernacle, the temple) or a hillside, or a side-plank or side-chamber. It never elsewhere means a rib. 'Rib' is the traditional reading, but the word carries a builder's picture: one side-piece of the man.
Exodus · 19
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Exodus 25:12 צַלְעוֹ֙ צַלְע֖וֹ side its
Cast four gold rings for it and fasten them to its four feet, two rings on one side and two on the other.
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Exodus 25:14 צַלְעֹ֣ת [the] sides of
Insert the poles into the rings on the sides of the ark, in order to carry it.
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Exodus 26:20 וּלְצֶ֧לַע and for [the] side of
For the second side of the tabernacle, the north side, make twenty frames
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Exodus 26:26 צֶֽלַע־ [the] side of
You are also to make five crossbars of acacia wood for the frames on one side of the tabernacle,
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Exodus 26:27 צֶֽלַע־ צֶ֣לַע [the] side of
five for those on the other side, and five for those on the rear side of the tabernacle, to the west.
Here: The 'side' or long flank of the structure. It is the same word used for Adam's 'rib' or 'side' in Genesis 2. Here it is purely architectural: one wall of the building.
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Exodus 26:35 צֶ֥לַע צֶ֥לַע [the] side of
And place the table outside the veil on the north side of the tabernacle, and put the lampstand opposite the table, on the south side.
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Exodus 27:7 צַלְעֹ֥ת [the] sides of
The poles are to be inserted into the rings so that the poles are on two sides of the altar when it is carried.
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Exodus 30:4 צַלְעֹתָ֔יו sides its
And make two gold rings below the molding on opposite sides to hold the poles used to carry it.
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Exodus 36:25 וּלְצֶ֧לַע and for [the] side of
For the second side of the tabernacle, the north side, he made twenty frames
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Exodus 36:31 צֶֽלַע־ [the] side of
He also made five crossbars of acacia wood for the frames on one side of the tabernacle,
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Exodus 36:32 צֶֽלַע־ [the] side of
five for those on the other side, and five for those on the rear side of the tabernacle, to the west.
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Exodus 37:3 צַלְעוֹ֙ צַלְע֖וֹ side its
And he cast four gold rings for its four feet, two rings on one side and two on the other.
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Exodus 37:5 צַלְעֹ֣ת [the] sides of
He inserted the poles into the rings on the sides of the ark in order to carry it.
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Exodus 37:27 צַלְעֹתָ֔יו sides its
He made two gold rings below the molding on opposite sides to hold the poles used to carry it.
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Exodus 38:7 צַלְעֹ֣ת [the] sides of
Then he inserted the poles into the rings on the sides of the altar for carrying it. He made the altar with boards so that it was hollow.
2 Samuel · 1
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2 Samuel 16:13 בְּצֵ֨לַע on [the] side of
So David and his men proceeded along the road as Shimei went along the ridge of the hill opposite him. As Shimei went, he yelled curses, threw stones, and flung dust at David.
1 Kings · 7
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1 Kings 6:5 צְלָע֖וֹת side-chambers
Against the walls of the temple and the inner sanctuary, Solomon built a chambered structure around the temple, in which he constructed the side rooms.
Here: Literally 'ribs'. Here it means the individual side-chambers lining the building like ribs along a body. It is the same word as Eve's 'rib' in Genesis 2.
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1 Kings 6:8 הַצֵּלָע֙ the side-chamber
The entrance to the bottom floor was on the south side of the temple. A stairway led up to the middle level, and from there to the third floor.
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1 Kings 6:15 בְּצַלְע֣וֹת בְּצַלְע֥וֹת with boards of
He lined the interior walls with cedar paneling from the floor of the temple to the ceiling, and he covered the floor with cypress boards.
Here: tsela' is a 'rib' or 'side'. In carpentry it names planks or boards, much as English says 'ribs' of a ship. The same word is used for the side-rooms of the temple (6:5, 8).
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1 Kings 6:16 בְּצַלְע֣וֹת with boards of
He partitioned off the twenty cubits at the rear of the temple with cedar boards from floor to ceiling to form within the temple an inner sanctuary, the Most Holy Place.
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1 Kings 6:34 צְלָעִ֜ים sides
The two doors were made of cypress wood, and each had two folding panels.
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1 Kings 7:3 הַצְּלָעֹת֙ the side-chambers
The house was roofed with cedar above the beams that rested on the pillars—forty-five beams, fifteen per row.
Ezekiel · 11
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Ezekiel 41:5 הַצֵּלָע֩ the side-chamber
Next he measured the wall of the temple to be six cubits thick, and the width of each side room around the temple was four cubits.
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Ezekiel 41:6 וְהַצְּלָעוֹת֩ צֵלָ֨ע צֵלָ֜ע לַצְּלָע֛וֹת and the side-chambers, side-chamber, for the side-chambers
The side rooms were arranged one above another in three levels of thirty rooms each. There were ledges all around the wall of the temple to serve as supports for the side rooms, so that the supports would not be fastened into the wall of the temple itself.
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Ezekiel 41:7 לַצְּלָע֗וֹת to the side-chambers
The side rooms surrounding the temple widened at each successive level, because the structure surrounding the temple ascended by stages corresponding to the narrowing of the temple wall as it rose upward. And so a stairway went up from the lowest story to the highest, through the middle one.
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Ezekiel 41:8 הַצְּלָעוֹת֙ the side-chambers
I saw that the temple had a raised base all around it, forming the foundation of the side rooms. It was the full length of a rod, six long cubits.
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Ezekiel 41:9 לַצֵּלָ֛ע צְלָע֖וֹת [belonged] to the side-chamber, [the] side-chambers
The outer wall of the side rooms was five cubits thick, and the open area between the side rooms of the temple
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Ezekiel 41:11 הַצֵּלָע֙ the side-chamber
The side rooms opened into this area, with one entrance on the north and another on the south. The open area was five cubits wide all around.
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Ezekiel 41:26 וְצַלְע֥וֹת and [the] side-chambers of
There were beveled windows and palm trees on the sidewalls of the portico. The side rooms of the temple also had canopies.
Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.