Hebrew word · H6776

צֶ֫מֶד

tzemed-

pair

Tsemed means a pair joined together, especially a yoked team of draught animals. It can also mean an acre-like measure, the land a team ploughs in a day (1 Sam 14:14; Isa 5:10).

Appears 15 times in 15 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·

What it means

1) couple, pair, team, yoke

1a) couple, pair, span (usually of animals)

1b) acre

1b1) the amount of land a span of oxen could plow in one day

Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).

In depth

From the study of Job 1:3

Range of meaning

Tsemed means a pair joined together, especially a yoked team of draught animals. It can also mean an acre-like measure, the land a team ploughs in a day (1 Sam 14:14; Isa 5:10).

Against the English

'Yoke of oxen' (KJV, BSB, WEB) is accurate. Readers can easily miss that 500 yoke means 1,000 animals, and that 'yoke' points to ploughing.

Used elsewhere in the period

Elisha is ploughing with twelve yoke of oxen when Elijah calls him (1 Kgs 19:19). In Job 1:14 'the oxen were plowing'.

From the study of Job 42:12

Range of meaning

A pair or couple, especially two animals yoked together (Judg 19:3, 10; 1 Sam 11:7; 1 Kgs 19:19). Also a span of land, meaning as much as a yoke of oxen can plough in a day (1 Sam 14:14; Isa 5:10).

Against the English

'Yoke of oxen' (KJV, BSB, WEB) is correct but easy to read as 1,000 animals. YLT's 'pairs of oxen' makes the arithmetic clear: 2,000 cattle.

Used elsewhere in the period

1 Kgs 19:19: Elisha ploughing 'with twelve yoke (tsemed) of oxen'. 1 Sam 11:7: Saul cuts up a tsemed of oxen. Isa 5:10: 'ten tsimdei of vineyard', a measure of land.

From the study of 2 Kings 9:25

Range of meaning

A pair, especially a yoked pair of animals (a yoke of oxen, 1 Samuel 11:7; a team of horses or donkeys, Isaiah 21:7, 9). By extension, an acre-like measure: what a yoke can plough (1 Samuel 14:14).

Against the English

KJV, WEB and BSB say 'rode together'. That smooths the phrase but hides the chariot-team picture. YLT keeps 'riding together' as well.

Used elsewhere in the period

Isaiah 21:7, 9 uses ṣemed for pairs of horsemen and chariot teams. The Septuagint here appears to understand chariot teams (ζεύγη, zeugē, 'yokes/teams').

Where it appears

Judges · 2
  1. Judges 19:3 וְצֶ֣מֶד and a pair of

    her husband got up and went after her to speak kindly to her and bring her back, taking his servant and a pair of donkeys. So the girl brought him into her father’s house, and when her father saw him, he gladly welcomed him.

    Here: "And a pair." Two animals together. One was presumably meant for her to ride home on, so the second donkey shows what he intended.

  2. Judges 19:10 צֶ֤מֶד a pair of

    But the man was unwilling to spend the night. He got up and departed, and arrived opposite Jebus (that is, Jerusalem), with his two saddled donkeys and his concubine.

1 Samuel · 2
  1. 1 Samuel 11:7 צֶ֨מֶד a pair of

    He took a pair of oxen, cut them into pieces, and sent them by messengers throughout the land of Israel, proclaiming, “This is what will be done to the oxen of anyone who does not march behind Saul and Samuel.” Then the terror of the LORD fell upon the people, and they came out together as one man.

  2. 1 Samuel 14:14 צֶ֥מֶד an acre of

    In that first assault, Jonathan and his armor-bearer struck down about twenty men in about half an acre of land.

2 Samuel · 1
  1. 2 Samuel 16:1 וְצֶ֨מֶד and a pair of

    When David had gone a little beyond the summit, Ziba the servant of Mephibosheth was there to meet him. He had a pair of saddled donkeys loaded with two hundred loaves of bread, a hundred clusters of raisins, a hundred summer fruits, and a skin of wine.

    Here: A pair of animals working together, a 'team'. Two pack animals is a substantial loan of transport for a refugee court.

1 Kings · 2
  1. 1 Kings 19:19 צְמָדִים֙ pairs

    So Elijah departed and found Elisha son of Shaphat. He was plowing with twelve teams of oxen, and he was with the twelfth team. Elijah passed by him and threw his cloak around him.

  2. 1 Kings 19:21 צֶ֧מֶד [the] pair of

    So Elisha turned back from him, took his pair of oxen, and slaughtered them. Using the oxen’s equipment for fuel, he cooked the meat and gave it to the people, and they ate. Then he set out to follow and serve Elijah.

2 Kings · 2
  1. 2 Kings 5:17 צֶֽמֶד־ a pair of

    “If you will not,” said Naaman, “please let me, your servant, be given as much soil as a pair of mules can carry. For your servant will never again make a burnt offering or a sacrifice to any other god but the LORD.

  2. 2 Kings 9:25 צְמָדִים֙ pairs

    And Jehu said to Bidkar his officer, “Pick him up and throw him into the field of Naboth the Jezreelite. For remember that when you and I were riding together behind his father Ahab, the LORD lifted up this burden against him:

    Here: A yoked pair of animals, a team. Either they rode 'as a pair' (side by side, or in one chariot) or they drove chariot teams. Both readings put them close to the king, in his escort.

Job · 2
  1. Job 1:3 צֶֽמֶד־ pair[s] of

    and he owned 7,000 sheep, 3,000 camels, 500 yoke of oxen, 500 female donkeys, and a very large number of servants. Job was the greatest man of all the people of the East.

    Here: A yoked pair of animals, i.e. a plough team. So 500 teams means 1,000 oxen, and large fields under cultivation (the oxen are 'plowing' in 1:14).

  2. Job 42:12 צֶ֥מֶד pair[s] of

    So the LORD blessed Job’s latter days more than his first. He owned 14,000 sheep, 6,000 camels, 1,000 yoke of oxen, and 1,000 female donkeys.

    Here: A yoked pair of draft animals. So '1,000 yoke' means 2,000 animals, counted as ploughing teams. That implies a great deal of farmland as well as pasture.

Isaiah · 3
  1. Isaiah 5:10 צִמְדֵּי־ acres of

    For ten acres of vineyard will yield but a bath of wine, and a homer of seed only an ephah of grain.”

  2. Isaiah 21:7 צֶ֚מֶד a pair of

    When he sees chariots with teams of horsemen, riders on donkeys, riders on camels, he must be alert, fully alert.”

  3. Isaiah 21:9 צֶ֖מֶד a pair of

    Look, here come the riders, horsemen in pairs.” And one answered, saying: “Fallen, fallen is Babylon! All the images of her gods lie shattered on the ground!”

    Here: A yoked pair, as in 'a yoke of oxen' or 'a pair of donkeys'. It is singular: one pair, probably the two horses pulling the chariot. It does not naturally mean 'in pairs' (more than one pair).

Jeremiah · 1
  1. Jeremiah 51:23 וְצִמְדּ֑וֹ and team his

    With you I shatter the shepherd and his flock; with you I shatter the farmer and his oxen; with you I shatter the governors and officials.

    Here: A pair of animals yoked together, here the plow team. The plowman and the oxen he works with are a single unit of food production, and they are smashed together.

Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.