Hebrew word · H7019

קַ֫יִץ

kayitz

summer

Qayiṣ: summer, the late hot season, and its produce (summer fruit, especially figs; compare Amos 8:1–2). Qāṣîr: harvest or reaping, above all the cereal harvest of barley and wheat in spring and early summer, roughly April to June.

Appears 20 times in 20 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·

What it means

1) summer, summer-fruit

1a) summer

1b) summer-fruit

Aramaic equivalent: qa.yit (קַ֫יִט "summer" H7007)

Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).

In depth

From the study of Proverbs 10:5

Range of meaning

Qayiṣ: summer, the late hot season, and its produce (summer fruit, especially figs; compare Amos 8:1–2). Qāṣîr: harvest or reaping, above all the cereal harvest of barley and wheat in spring and early summer, roughly April to June.

Against the English

English 'summer' and 'harvest' are adequate. Readers may not realize that both words name the short, critical windows in which the year's food had to be brought in, and that in Hebrew the two words sound alike.

Used elsewhere in the period

The Gezer Calendar (a 10th-century BCE Hebrew inscription listing the farming year) ends with 'a month of reaping and measuring' grain, then 'two months of vine-tending', then 'a month of qayiṣ (summer fruit)'. Amos 8:1–2 makes a pun on qayiṣ (summer fruit) and qēṣ (end). Proverbs 6:8 has the ant prepare food 'in summer' (qayiṣ) and gather it 'in harvest' (qāṣîr), the same pair of words and the same verb ʾāgar.

From the study of Amos 8:2

Range of meaning

(1) Summer, the hot dry season (Gen 8:22; Ps 74:17). (2) The late-summer crop gathered in that season, especially figs, along with grapes and other fruit (2 Sam 16:1–2; Jer 40:10, 12; Isa 16:9). It is the last harvest before the autumn rains and the turn of the agricultural year.

Against the English

KJV, ESV, NASB, BSB and WEB say “summer fruit.” NIV and NLT say “ripe fruit.” “Summer fruit” is accurate but can suggest early-summer abundance. “Ripe fruit” keeps the idea of something at its peak and lets NIV carry the pun into English, but it drops the season-of-the-year sense.

How it drifted

In English “summer” suggests the middle of the year and long days. In Israel's farming calendar qayiṣ was the season that closed the year's harvest.

Used elsewhere in the period

The Gezer Calendar (10th century BC, a schoolboy's list of farming months) ends its year with yrḥ qṣ, “the month of summer fruit.” That makes qayiṣ literally the last item in the year. In the Samaria ostraca (inscribed pottery from 8th-century northern Israel), the sound “ay” is regularly shortened, as in yn for “wine” (Judean yayin). This suggests that in Amos's northern audience qayiṣ may have sounded very close to, or the same as, qēṣ.

From the study of Proverbs 26:1

Range of meaning

Qayits is the hot dry season and the summer fruit (figs, grapes) gathered then. Qatsir is the harvest, normally the grain harvest: barley around April, wheat around May–June.

Against the English

"Summer" and "harvest" are accurate. A modern reader in a temperate climate may not realise that in Israel these seasons are virtually rainless, so both images describe something that does not happen, or that does harm when it does.

Used elsewhere in the period

The Gezer Calendar (10th century BC) lists the farming months in sequence, including "month of barley harvest (qtsr)," "month of harvest and measuring" and "month of summer fruit (qts)." Amos 8:1–2 makes a pun on qayits (summer fruit) and qets (end). In 1 Samuel 12:17–18 Samuel calls down thunder and rain "at wheat harvest" as a startling sign of God's displeasure, and the people are terrified.

Where it appears

Genesis · 1
  1. Genesis 8:22 וְקַ֧יִץ and summer

    As long as the earth endures, seedtime and harvest, cold and heat, summer and winter, day and night shall never cease.”

    Here: The hot, dry late-summer season when figs and grapes ripen; the same word can mean 'summer fruit' itself (Amos 8:1–2).

2 Samuel · 2
  1. 2 Samuel 16:1 קַ֖יִץ summer fruit

    When David had gone a little beyond the summit, Ziba the servant of Mephibosheth was there to meet him. He had a pair of saddled donkeys loaded with two hundred loaves of bread, a hundred clusters of raisins, a hundred summer fruits, and a skin of wine.

    Here: Literally 'summer', meaning the produce of the late-summer harvest, chiefly figs. Since it is counted in hundreds alongside raisin cakes, it most likely means cakes of dried figs or units of fig fruit.

  2. 2 Samuel 16:2 וְהַקַּ֙יִץ֙ and the summer fruit

    “Why do you have these?” asked the king. Ziba replied, “The donkeys are for the king’s household to ride, the bread and summer fruit are for the young men to eat, and the wine is to refresh those who become exhausted in the wilderness.”

Psalms · 2
  1. Psalm 32:4 קַ֣יִץ summer

    For day and night Your hand was heavy upon me; my strength was drained as in the summer heat. Selah

    Here: 'Summer', the rainless dry season in Israel, when the land browns and plants wither. His body is like a field at the end of August.

  2. Psalm 74:17 קַ֥יִץ summer

    You set all the boundaries of the earth; You made the summer and winter.

Proverbs · 4
  1. Proverbs 6:8 בַּקַּ֣יִץ in the summer

    it prepares its provisions in summer; it gathers its food at harvest.

    Here: The hot, dry part of the year (roughly June–September in Israel), when the last crops and fruit were brought in. To the first hearers it meant the season of plenty, before the autumn and winter rains.

  2. Proverbs 10:5 בַּ֭קַּיִץ in the summer

    He who gathers in summer is a wise son, but he who sleeps during harvest is a disgraceful son.

    Here: 'In the summer,' the hot, dry late season when figs, grapes and other summer fruit ripen. For farmers it was the final gathering window before the year turned. The word can also mean the summer fruit itself, so the hearer pictures the season and its crop together.

  3. Proverbs 26:1 בַּקַּ֗יִץ in the summer

    Like snow in summer and rain at harvest, honor does not befit a fool.

    Here: "In the summer" means the hot, rainless months (roughly July to September), when figs and grapes were gathered. Snow then would be unheard of, a picture of something entirely out of its time.

  4. Proverbs 30:25 בַקַּ֣יִץ in the summer

    The ants are creatures of little strength, yet they store up their food in the summer;

Isaiah · 2
  1. Isaiah 16:9 קֵיצֵ֛ךְ summer fruit your

    So I weep with Jazer for the vines of Sibmah; I drench Heshbon and Elealeh with my tears. Triumphant shouts have fallen silent over your summer fruit and your harvest.

  2. Isaiah 28:4 קַ֔יִץ summer

    The fading flower of his beautiful splendor, set on the summit above the fertile valley, will be like a ripe fig before the summer harvest: Whoever sees it will take it in his hand and swallow it.

Jeremiah · 4
  1. Jeremiah 8:20 קָ֑יִץ summer

    “The harvest has passed, the summer has ended, but we have not been saved.”

  2. Jeremiah 40:10 וְקַ֜יִץ and summer fruit

    As for me, I will stay in Mizpah to represent you before the Chaldeans who come to us. As for you, gather wine grapes, summer fruit, and oil, place them in your storage jars, and live in the cities you have taken.”

  3. Jeremiah 40:12 וָקַ֖יִץ and summer fruit

    they all returned from all the places to which they had been banished and came to the land of Judah, to Gedaliah at Mizpah. And they gathered an abundance of wine grapes and summer fruit.

  4. Jeremiah 48:32 קֵיצֵ֥ךְ summer fruit your

    I will weep for you, O vine of Sibmah, more than I weep for Jazer. Your tendrils have extended to the sea; they reach even to Jazer. The destroyer has descended on your summer fruit and grape harvest.

Amos · 3
  1. Amos 3:15 הַקָּ֑יִץ the summer

    I will tear down the winter house along with the summer house; the houses of ivory will also perish, and the great houses will come to an end,” declares the LORD.

    Here: The hot, dry season, and also the late-summer fruit harvest (as in Amos 8:1–2). Paired with 'winter', it covers the whole year: the rich had a house for every season.

  2. Amos 8:1 קָֽיִץ׃ summer fruit

    This is what the Lord GOD showed me: I saw a basket of summer fruit.

    Here: The word for the hot season, and also for the crop picked in it, chiefly figs. This was the last harvest of the farming year. Here the word itself carries the message: in the next verse God answers with qets, 'end', which sounds almost the same.

  3. Amos 8:2 קָ֑יִץ summer fruit

    “Amos, what do you see?” He asked. “A basket of summer fruit,” I replied. So the LORD said to me, “The end has come for My people Israel; I will no longer spare them.”

    Here: The late-summer crop, mainly figs, picked at the very end of the farming year. This is the word the whole vision turns on, because it sounds almost the same as qēṣ, “end.”

Micah · 1
  1. Micah 7:1 קַ֔יִץ summer fruit

    Woe is me! For I am like one gathering summer fruit at the gleaning of the vineyard; there is no cluster to eat, no early fig that I crave.

    Here: The late-summer crop, especially figs, picked in August and September. Together with the previous word: 'the summer-fruit harvest' that is already over.

Zechariah · 1
  1. Zechariah 14:8 בַּקַּ֥יִץ in the summer

    And on that day living water will flow out from Jerusalem, half of it toward the Eastern Sea and the other half toward the Western Sea, in summer and winter alike.

    Here: The long, rainless hot season, when almost every stream in Israel dries up.

Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.