Hebrew word · H7564

רִשְׁעָה

rish'ah

wickedness

Wickedness, guilt, wrongdoing. Related to rasha', 'guilty, wicked', which in legal settings means the party found guilty, the opposite of tsaddiq, 'innocent, in the right'.

Appears 15 times in 15 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·

What it means

1) wickedness, guilt

1a) wickedness (in civil relations)

1b) wickedness (of enemies)

1c) wickedness (ethical and religious)

Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).

In depth

From the study of Deuteronomy 9:5

Range of meaning

Wickedness, guilt, wrongdoing. Related to rasha', 'guilty, wicked', which in legal settings means the party found guilty, the opposite of tsaddiq, 'innocent, in the right'.

Against the English

All versions say 'wickedness'. That is fair, but it loses the courtroom pairing with 'righteousness' that the Hebrew sets up.

Used elsewhere in the period

Deut 25:1–2 sets tsaddiq/rasha' against each other as acquitted and convicted. Deut 25:2 uses 'according to his rish'ah' for the measure of punishment. Background for the nations' guilt in the Pentateuch: Gen 15:16 ('the iniquity of the Amorites is not yet complete'), Lev 18:24–28 (the land 'vomits out' its inhabitants for sexual and cultic practices), Deut 12:31 and 18:9–12 (child sacrifice, divination, consulting the dead).

From the study of Deuteronomy 9:4

Range of meaning

Wickedness, guilt; the state of being in the wrong, of deserving condemnation. It is the opposite of ṣədāqāh in both moral and legal senses.

Against the English

'Wickedness' is fair, but English hears general badness of character. The Hebrew carries a sense of verdict: these nations stand guilty before the judge.

Used elsewhere in the period

Used in Deut 25:2 and elsewhere in legal settings for the guilty party. The idea that the land's inhabitants are removed for their accumulated guilt goes back to Gen 15:16 ('the iniquity of the Amorites is not yet complete') and Lev 18:24–28 (the land 'vomits out' its inhabitants for defiling practices).

From the study of Isaiah 9:18

Range of meaning

From the root r-sh-', 'to be in the wrong, guilty.' The rasha' is the person a court finds guilty, the opposite of the tsaddiq, the one in the right (Deut 25:1). Rish'ah is the condition or the acts of being in the wrong: injustice, violence, oppression, breach of covenant. It has a strong social and legal side, describing harm done to others and to the community's order, not only an inner moral state.

Against the English

Every major English version says 'wickedness,' which is a fair rendering. Modern English tends to hear 'wickedness' as an evil personal character, or as old-fashioned pulpit language. The Hebrew word carries the courtroom idea of guilt and the social idea of injustice.

How it drifted

'Wicked' has drifted toward meaning sinister, or a dated churchy word for private immorality. The Hebrew sense of forensic guilt and social wrongdoing has faded.

Used elsewhere in the period

Often set against tsedaqah ('righteousness') in Proverbs and Ezekiel (Ezek 18:20, 'the wickedness of the wicked shall be upon him'). Isaiah's poem defines the wickedness concretely in 10:1–2: unjust decrees, robbing widows, preying on orphans. Deut 9:4–5 uses rish'ah of the Canaanite nations' guilt, the reason they lost the land.

Where it appears

Deuteronomy · 3
  1. Deuteronomy 9:4 וּבְרִשְׁעַת֙ and in [the] wickedness of

    When the LORD your God has driven them out before you, do not say in your heart, “Because of my righteousness the LORD has brought me in to possess this land.” Rather, the LORD is driving out these nations before you because of their wickedness.

    Here: 'And because of the wickedness of'. It mirrors 'because of my righteousness' exactly: the same 'because of' prefix with the opposite term. The cause lies with the nations' guilt, not Israel's merit.

  2. Deuteronomy 9:5 בְּרִשְׁעַ֣ת׀ in [the] wickedness of

    It is not because of your righteousness or uprightness of heart that you are going in to possess their land, but it is because of their wickedness that the LORD your God is driving out these nations before you, to keep the promise He swore to your fathers, to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.

    Here: 'Because of the wickedness of', built exactly like 'because of your righteousness' so that the two stand opposite each other. The root carries a courtroom sense of being the guilty party.

  3. Deuteronomy 25:2 רִשְׁעָת֖וֹ wickedness his

    If the guilty man deserves to be beaten, the judge shall have him lie down and be flogged in his presence with the number of lashes his crime warrants.

Proverbs · 2
  1. Proverbs 11:5 וּ֝בְרִשְׁעָת֗וֹ and by wickedness his

    The righteousness of the blameless directs their path, but the wicked fall by their own wickedness.

    Here: "And by (or in) his wickedness": put first in its half of the line for emphasis. His own guilty conduct is the very thing that brings him down.

  2. Proverbs 13:6 וְ֝רִשְׁעָ֗ה and wickedness

    Righteousness guards the man of integrity, but wickedness undermines the sinner.

Isaiah · 1
  1. Isaiah 9:18 רִשְׁעָ֔ה wickedness

    For wickedness burns like a fire that consumes the thorns and briers and kindles the forest thickets, which roll upward in billows of smoke.

    Here: Being in the wrong in the moral and legal sense: guilty, unjust, harming others. Coming after v.17, and before 10:1–2, it points to a whole society's corruption, not just private vice. Delaying the word to after the verb makes it land hard.

Ezekiel · 5
  1. Ezekiel 5:6 לְרִשְׁעָה֙ to wickedness

    But she has rebelled against My ordinances more wickedly than the nations, and against My statutes worse than the countries around her. For her people have rejected My ordinances and have not walked in My statutes.’

  2. Ezekiel 18:20 וְרִשְׁעַ֥ת and [the] wickedness of

    The soul who sins is the one who will die. A son will not bear the iniquity of his father, and a father will not bear the iniquity of his son. The righteousness of the righteous man will fall upon him, and the wickedness of the wicked man will fall upon him.

    Here: 'And the wickedness of.' It is the exact opposite of tsedaqah: wrong conduct, and the guilty standing that comes from it.

  3. Ezekiel 18:27 מֵֽרִשְׁעָתוֹ֙ from wickedness his

    But if a wicked man turns from the wickedness he has committed and does what is just and right, he will save his life.

    Here: 'From his guilt/wickedness': the conduct that made him a rashaʿ. The word comes from the same root as rashaʿ, so it reads 'the guilty man turns from his guiltiness.' 'His' matters: it is his own record, not his father's (compare 18:2, 20).

  4. Ezekiel 33:12 וְרִשְׁעַ֤ת and [the] wickedness of

    Therefore, son of man, say to your people: ‘The righteousness of the righteous man will not deliver him in the day of his transgression; neither will the wickedness of the wicked man cause him to stumble on the day he turns from his wickedness. Nor will the righteous man be able to survive by his righteousness on the day he sins.’

    Here: The wicked person's record of guilty conduct. It is set first in the clause as the topic ("as for the wickedness of the wicked…"), as KJV and YLT preserve.

  5. Ezekiel 33:19 מֵֽרִשְׁעָת֔וֹ from wickedness his

    But if a wicked man turns from his wickedness and does what is just and right, he will live because of this.

Zechariah · 1
  1. Zechariah 5:8 הָרִשְׁעָ֔ה [is] <the> wickedness

    “This is Wickedness,” he said. And he shoved her down into the basket, pushing down the lead cover over its opening.

Malachi · 3
  1. Malachi 1:4 רִשְׁעָ֔ה wickedness

    Though Edom may say, “We have been devastated, but we will rebuild the ruins,” this is what the LORD of Hosts says: “They may build, but I will demolish. They will be called the Land of Wickedness, and a people with whom the LORD is indignant forever.

    Here: "Of wickedness / guilt." The land will be known as the place of those who are in the wrong. The ruins themselves will be read as a verdict.

  2. Malachi 3:15 רִשְׁעָ֔ה <of> wickedness

    So now we call the arrogant blessed. Not only do evildoers prosper, they even test God and escape.’”

    Here: Wrongdoing that makes someone a rasha', the guilty party in a lawsuit. The word is about conduct that wrongs God and neighbour, not only private moral failing.

  3. Malachi 4:1 רִשְׁעָה֙ <of> wickedness

    “For behold, the day is coming, burning like a furnace, when all the arrogant and every evildoer will be stubble; the day is coming when I will set them ablaze,” says the LORD of Hosts. “Not a root or branch will be left to them.”

    Here: 'Wickedness.' In Hebrew thought the rasha' (the wicked person) is the one who is in the wrong, especially in the legal and moral sense. Malachi has in view the specific abuses he condemns: sorcery, adultery, perjury, and cheating workers, widows, orphans and immigrants (3:5).

Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.