Hebrew word · H7699

שַׁד

shad

breast

Breast, a by-form of shad (H7699). The same consonants make up a separate word, shod (H7701), 'violence, devastation'.

Appears 24 times in 24 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·

What it means

1) breast, bosom, (female) breast

1a) breast (of woman)

1b) breast (of animal)

1c) breast (of both human and animal)

Also means: shod (שֹׁד "breast" H7699B)

Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).

In depth

From the study of Isaiah 60:16

Range of meaning

Breast, a by-form of shad (H7699). The same consonants make up a separate word, shod (H7701), 'violence, devastation'.

Against the English

KJV, ESV and NASB keep 'breast of kings'. BSB 'breasts of royalty' and WEB 'royal breasts' turn the noun into an abstract or an adjective. That softens the deliberate shock of male kings serving as nursing mothers.

Used elsewhere in the period

The spelling shod appears in Isaiah 66:11 ('the breast of her consolations') and Job 24:9. In Isaiah 66:11 Jerusalem is the nursing mother and her children nurse from her. In 60:16 Zion herself is the one nursed.

From the study of Psalm 22:9

Range of meaning

A woman's breasts, especially as the source of an infant's nourishment.

Against the English

Translations vary between 'breast' and 'breasts'. The meaning is the same.

Used elsewhere in the period

Job 3:12 ('why knees to receive me, why breasts that I should suck?') uses the same birth-and-nursing pair in a curse on one's own birth. Gen 49:25 pairs 'blessings of breasts and womb' with the divine name Shaddai.

From the study of Genesis 49:25

Range of meaning

Shad: breast, chiefly as the source of milk (of women and of animals). Racham/rechem: womb. The root rḥm also gives rachamim, "compassion" (literally womb-feeling), and rachum, "compassionate."

Against the English

All the major versions say "breasts and womb." The English is accurate, but it cannot show the sound-link with Shaddai.

Used elsewhere in the period

Ugaritic texts (from Syria, about 1300 BC) pair "breast" and "womb" in fertility contexts, and one goddess has the epithet Raḥmay ("womb-one"), for example in the text KTU 1.23. Hosea 9:14 reverses the blessing: "give them a miscarrying womb and dry breasts."

Where it appears

Genesis · 1
  1. Genesis 49:25 שָׁדַ֖יִם breasts

    by the God of your father who helps you, and by the Almighty who blesses you, with blessings of the heavens above, with blessings of the depths below, with blessings of the breasts and womb.

    Here: A dual noun, meaning a natural pair: "the two breasts." It stands for nursing, so for children and young animals that survive and thrive. It echoes Shaddai earlier in the verse: the God called Shaddai gives the blessings of shadayim.

Job · 2
  1. Job 3:12 שָּׁ֝דַ֗יִם breasts

    Why were there knees to receive me, and breasts that I should be nursed?

  2. Job 24:9 מִשֹּׁ֣ד from [the] breast

    The fatherless infant is snatched from the breast; the nursing child of the poor is seized for a debt.

Psalms · 1
  1. Psalm 22:9 שְׁדֵ֥י [the] breasts of

    Yet You brought me forth from the womb; You made me secure at my mother’s breast.

    Here: 'The breasts of' (a dual form, used for things that come in pairs). It means nursing infancy, which in Israel lasted until about age two or three.

Song of Songs · 8
  1. Song of Songs 1:13 שָׁדַ֖י breasts my

    My beloved is to me a sachet of myrrh resting between my breasts.

  2. Song of Songs 4:5 שָׁדַ֛יִךְ breasts your

    Your breasts are like two fawns, twins of a gazelle grazing among the lilies.

  3. Song of Songs 7:3 שָׁדַ֛יִךְ breasts your

    Your breasts are like two fawns, twins of a gazelle.

  4. Song of Songs 7:7 וְשָׁדַ֖יִךְ and breasts your

    Your stature is like a palm tree; your breasts are clusters of fruit.

  5. Song of Songs 7:8 שָׁדַ֙יִךְ֙ breasts your

    I said, “I will climb the palm tree; I will take hold of its fruit.” May your breasts be like clusters of the vine, the fragrance of your breath like apples,

  6. Song of Songs 8:1 שְׁדֵ֣י [the] breasts of

    O that you were to me like a brother who nursed at my mother’s breasts! If I found you outdoors, I would kiss you, and no one would despise me.

  7. Song of Songs 8:8 וְשָׁדַ֖יִם and breasts

    We have a little sister, and her breasts are not yet grown. What shall we do for our sister on the day she is spoken for?

    Here: The dual form, "a pair of breasts." Developed breasts were the plain physical sign that a girl had become a woman and could marry (compare Ezek 16:7). The word goes first in its clause for emphasis.

  8. Song of Songs 8:10 וְשָׁדַ֖י and breasts my

    I am a wall, and my breasts are like towers. So I have become in his eyes like one who brings peace.

Isaiah · 4
  1. Isaiah 28:9 מִשָּׁדָֽיִם׃ from breasts

    Whom is He trying to teach? To whom is He explaining His message? To infants just weaned from milk? To babies removed from the breast?

    Here: "From the breasts." Hebrew uses a special form here for a natural pair. The picture is earthy and on purpose: "Does he think we're nursing babies?"

  2. Isaiah 32:12 שָׁדַ֖יִם breasts

    Beat your breasts for the pleasant fields, for the fruitful vines,

  3. Isaiah 60:16 וְשֹׁ֥ד and [the] breast of

    You will drink the milk of nations and nurse at the breasts of royalty; you will know that I, the LORD, am your Savior and your Redeemer, the Mighty One of Jacob.

    Here: 'And the breast of', a rare variant spelling of the usual shad, 'breast' (also at Isaiah 66:11 and Job 24:9). It is a different word from the identical-sounding shod, 'violence, destruction'.

  4. Isaiah 66:11 מִשֹּׁ֖ד from [the] breast of

    so that you may nurse and be satisfied at her comforting breasts; you may drink deeply and delight yourselves in her glorious abundance.

    Here: "From the breast of." This is a variant form of shad, "breast." The same form appears in 60:16, where Zion nurses at "the breast of kings."

Lamentations · 1
  1. Lamentations 4:3 שַׁ֔ד a breast

    Even jackals offer their breasts to nurse their young, but the daughter of my people has become cruel, like an ostrich in the wilderness.

    Here: The ordinary word for a breast or teat, human or animal. Its bluntness keeps the picture physical and concrete: milk, nursing, the most basic act of keeping a newborn alive.

Ezekiel · 4
  1. Ezekiel 16:7 שָׁדַ֤יִם breasts

    I made you thrive like a plant of the field. You grew up and matured and became very beautiful. Your breasts were formed and your hair grew, but you were naked and bare.

    Here: 'Breasts' (a pair). The first of two concrete signs of puberty. They are named plainly as markers of age, not for erotic effect.

  2. Ezekiel 23:3 שְׁדֵיהֶ֔ן breasts their

    and they played in Egypt, prostituting themselves from their youth. Their breasts were fondled there, and their virgin bosoms caressed.

    Here: 'Their breasts.' The ordinary word for a woman's breasts, used for nursing as well as sexuality. It is the subject of the passive verb.

  3. Ezekiel 23:21 שְׁדֵ֥י [the] breasts of

    So you revisited the indecency of your youth, when the Egyptians caressed your bosom and pressed your young breasts.

  4. Ezekiel 23:34 וְשָׁדַ֣יִךְ and breasts your

    You will drink it and drain it; you will dash it to pieces, and tear your breasts. For I have spoken,’ declares the Lord GOD.

Hosea · 2
  1. Hosea 2:2 שָׁדֶֽיהָ׃ breasts her

    Rebuke your mother, rebuke her, for she is not My wife, and I am not her husband. Let her remove the adultery from her face and the unfaithfulness from between her breasts.

    Here: 'Her breasts' (a pair, so the dual form). It suggests a pendant, amulet or sachet of perfume worn on the chest (compare Song 1:13), a sign of seduction or of loyalty to a cult.

  2. Hosea 9:14 וְשָׁדַ֖יִם and breasts

    Give them, O LORD—what will You give? Give them wombs that miscarry and breasts that dry up!

    Here: The noun has the Hebrew 'pair' ending. The breasts stand for nursing and keeping an infant alive. Together with 'womb' it repeats a fixed pair from Jacob's blessing on Joseph, the father of Ephraim: 'blessings of the breasts and of the womb' (Gen 49:25).

Joel · 1
  1. Joel 2:16 שָׁדָ֑יִם breasts

    Gather the people, sanctify the congregation, assemble the aged, gather the children, even those nursing at the breast. Let the bridegroom leave his room, and the bride her chamber.

    Here: The Hebrew form means a pair of breasts. It is a vivid, physical picture: mothers bring infants who cannot be left behind, so the whole household stands before God.

Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.