Hebrew word · H8535
תָּם
tam
complete
Complete, whole, sound. Used of people it means having integrity, being without guile, all of one piece. Its relatives include tōm, 'integrity' (Ps 26:1, 'I have walked in my integrity'), and tāmîm, 'whole, unblemished', the word for sacrificial animals without defect.
Appears 15 times in 15 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·
What it means
1) perfect, complete
1a) complete, perfect
1a1) one who lacks nothing in physical strength, beauty, etc
1b) sound, wholesome
1b1) an ordinary, quiet sort of person
1c) complete, morally innocent, having integrity
1c1) one who is morally and ethically pure
Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).
In depth
- Range of meaning
Complete, whole, sound. Used of people it means having integrity, being without guile, all of one piece. Its relatives include tōm, 'integrity' (Ps 26:1, 'I have walked in my integrity'), and tāmîm, 'whole, unblemished', the word for sacrificial animals without defect.
- Against the English
KJV and YLT 'perfect'. BSB and most modern versions 'blameless'. To a modern ear 'perfect' means flawless or sinless. 'Blameless' is closer, though it can sound merely legal ('no charge against him').
- How it drifted
In 1611 'perfect' still kept its Latin sense of 'complete, finished, whole' (perfectus). Over time English narrowed it to 'flawless', and later debates about moral perfection loaded it further.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Job is tām wəyāshār, 'whole and upright' (Job 1:1, 8; 2:3). Yet Job laments, argues with God, and offers sacrifices, so the word plainly does not mean sinless. Jacob is an 'îsh tām (Gen 25:27), a settled or quiet man. The Septuagint here turned it into an abstract quality, akakia, 'guilelessness, innocence'.
- Range of meaning
From the root tmm, 'to be complete, finished, whole'. As a description of a person: whole, sound, undivided, guileless, a person of integrity. Related forms: tāmîm ('whole, unblemished', also used of sacrificial animals without defect, and of Noah in Gen 6:9) and tummâ ('integrity', Job 2:3, 9; 27:5; 31:6).
- Against the English
KJV 'perfect' sounds to modern ears like 'flawless, sinless'. Modern versions use 'blameless', which is closer but can still sound like 'never did anything wrong'. The Vulgate's 'simplex' (single, without folds) gets the sense of undividedness well.
- How it drifted
In 1611 'perfect' still carried the sense of Latin perfectus, 'complete, fully formed'. Later English, and doctrines of moral perfection, narrowed it to 'without any fault'.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Gen 25:27 calls Jacob an ʾîš tām, a 'quiet' or 'plain' man, clearly not meaning sinless. Ps 37:37 sets the tām beside the upright. In Job, tummâ becomes the thing at stake: his wife asks, 'Do you still hold fast your integrity?' (2:9), and Job vows not to give it up (27:5). Job himself admits 'the sins of my youth' (13:26) while insisting on his integrity.
- Range of meaning
Whole, complete, sound; of persons: of integrity, single-hearted, without guile, blameless in conduct (Gen 25:27 Jacob 'a quiet/whole man'; Song 5:2; 6:9 'my perfect one'; Ps 37:37; Prov 29:10). Related to tōm and tummâ, 'integrity' (Job 2:3, 9; 27:5; 31:6).
- Against the English
KJV 'perfect' suggests flawless, sinless perfection to modern ears. BSB/WEB/NIV-type 'blameless' is better. 'Of integrity' or 'whole-hearted' brings out the root idea of wholeness and consistency: a person whose life is all one piece, with nothing crooked about it.
- How it drifted
In 1611 'perfect' still carried its Latin sense of 'complete, fully formed.' Later English, shaped partly by debates about 'Christian perfection,' narrowed it to 'without any flaw or sin.'
- Used elsewhere in the period
Job 1:1, 8; 2:3 'tām wəyāšār' ('blameless and upright'), said by the narrator and by God. Job keeps hold of his tummâ ('integrity') in 2:3, 9; 27:5; 31:6. Dead Sea Scrolls texts use tāmîm for those who 'walk perfectly' in the community's way. The LXX here uses amemptos ('blameless'), as in 1:1.
Where it appears
Genesis · 1
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Genesis 25:27 תָּ֔ם quiet
When the boys grew up, Esau became a skillful hunter, a man of the field, while Jacob was a quiet man who stayed at home.
Here: "Whole / blameless / sound." Everywhere else in the Bible this adjective describes moral integrity (Job is 'tām and upright', Job 1:1) or flawlessness (the beloved in Song 5:2; 6:9). Applied to Jacob, who will soon trick his brother and father, it is either a contextual sense like 'settled, even-tempered' or a deliberate irony; it is not ordinarily a word for 'quiet'.
Exodus · 2
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Exodus 26:24 תַמִּים֙ complete
coupled together from bottom to top and fitted into a single ring. These will serve as the two corners.
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Exodus 36:29 תַמִּים֙ complete
coupled together from bottom to top and fitted into a single ring. He made both corners in this way.
Job · 7
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Job 1:1 תָּ֧ם blameless
There was a man in the land of Uz whose name was Job. And this man was blameless and upright, fearing God and shunning evil.
Here: Whole, all of a piece: a person whose inner life and outward conduct match, with no hidden second agenda. Not 'sinless'. The related noun tummāh, 'integrity', becomes a key word of the story (2:3, 2:9; 27:5).
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Job 1:8 תָּ֧ם blameless
Then the LORD said to Satan, “Have you considered My servant Job? For there is no one on earth like him, a man who is blameless and upright, who fears God and shuns evil.”
Here: Not 'sinless' but 'whole', undivided, a person of integrity whose outer life matches his inner life. The related noun tummâ, 'integrity', becomes a key word of the book (2:3, 2:9, 27:5).
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Job 2:3 תָּ֧ם blameless
Then the LORD said to Satan, “Have you considered My servant Job? For there is no one on earth like him, a man who is blameless and upright, who fears God and shuns evil. He still retains his integrity, even though you incited Me against him to ruin him without cause.”
Here: Whole, sound, of one piece, with nothing crooked or divided in him. It describes integrity of character, not freedom from all sin. Job himself still offers sacrifices in case of sin (1:5).
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Job 8:20 תָּ֑ם a blameless [person]
Behold, God does not reject the blameless, nor will He strengthen the hand of evildoers.
Here: A person of integrity, whole and undivided, the same through and through. It is the very word the narrator and God used of Job in 1:1, 1:8 and 2:3, so Bildad is unknowingly using heaven's own verdict on Job.
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Job 9:20 תָּֽם־ [am] blameless
Even if I were righteous, my mouth would condemn me; if I were blameless, it would declare me guilty.
Here: 'Blameless / a man of integrity.' This is the exact word the narrator (1:1) and God himself (1:8; 2:3) use of Job. Job claims for himself what heaven has already said of him.
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Job 9:21 תָּֽם־ [am] blameless
Though I am blameless, I have no concern for myself; I despise my own life.
Here: Job's own claim to be a person of whole, undivided integrity. It is the same word the narrator and God used of him in 1:1, 1:8 and 2:3. Placed first for emphasis.
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Job 9:22 תָּ֥ם [the] blameless
It is all the same, and so I say, ‘He destroys both the blameless and the wicked.’
Here: A person of integrity, whole and straight in conduct. It is the very word the narrator and God used of Job himself (1:1, 1:8, 2:3), and Job has just claimed it in the verse before ('blameless am I', 9:21). So Job is including himself in the 'blameless' that God finishes off.
Psalms · 2
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Psalm 37:37 תָּ֭ם [the] blameless
Consider the blameless and observe the upright, for posterity awaits the man of peace.
Here: A person of integrity, whole and undivided, with no hidden double life. It does not mean sinless. It is the word used of Job (Job 1:1) and of Jacob as a 'quiet' or settled man (Gen 25:27).
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Psalm 64:4 תָּ֑ם [the] blameless
ambushing the innocent in seclusion, shooting suddenly, without fear.
Proverbs · 1
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Proverbs 29:10 תָ֑ם a blameless [person]
Men of bloodshed hate a blameless man, but the upright care for his life.
Here: One person who is whole and undivided, whose life matches what he says. Job is called tām (Job 1:1). The word means integrity, not sinless perfection.
Song of Songs · 2
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Song of Songs 5:2 תַמָּתִ֔י perfect [one] my
I sleep, but my heart is awake. A sound! My beloved is knocking: “Open to me, my sister, my darling, my dove, my flawless one. My head is drenched with dew, my hair with the dampness of the night.”
Here: From the root meaning 'whole, complete, without flaw'. Here it is praise for her complete, flawless beauty and her wholeness of person: 'my perfect one'. It is not mainly a statement about sexual or ritual purity.
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Song of Songs 6:9 תַמָּתִ֔י perfect [one] my
but my dove, my perfect one, is unique, the favorite of the mother who bore her. The maidens see her and call her blessed; the queens and concubines sing her praises.
Here: "My flawless one": whole and without blemish. The pair "my dove, my flawless one" repeats 5:2 word for word. Here it praises how complete her beauty and her person are. It is not a statement about her sexual or moral record.
Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.