Greek word · G2342
θηρίον
thērion
wild animal
Originally a small form of θήρ ('wild beast'), but in practice it just means 'wild animal'. It can mean anything from lions and bears to snakes and other venomous creatures. It is the opposite of tame or domestic animals. It can also be used for a monster or for a savage person.
Appears 46 times in 38 verses of the Greek New Testament. ·
What it means
θηρίον, -ου, τό
(dimin. of θήρ), [in LXX chiefly for חַי ;]
a wild beast, beast: Mark 1:13, Acts 11:6 28:4-5, Titus 1:12, Hebrews 12:20, James 3:7, Revelation 6:8; of Antichrist, Revelation 11:7, 13-19.†
(AS)
From G. Abbott-Smith, A Manual Greek Lexicon of the New Testament (1922), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).
In depth
- Range of meaning
Originally a small form of θήρ ('wild beast'), but in practice it just means 'wild animal'. It can mean anything from lions and bears to snakes and other venomous creatures. It is the opposite of tame or domestic animals. It can also be used for a monster or for a savage person.
- Against the English
KJV and YLT say 'beast'. BSB, WEB, ESV and NASB say 'creature'. NIV and NLT say 'snake', which states the referent outright. 'Beast' now suggests something large, while 'snake' loses the fact that Luke is echoing the islanders' word from verse 4.
- How it drifted
In 1611 English 'beast' could mean any animal. Modern English narrowed it toward large or monstrous animals, and readers of Daniel and Revelation hear it as an apocalyptic monster.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Ancient Greek medical and natural-history writers regularly used θηρίον for venomous snakes. The antidote to snakebite was called θηριακή, from which English gets 'theriac'. The Septuagint uses θηρίον for wild animals in general (e.g., Gen 1:24–25). In the NT it means wild animals in Mark 1:13, a dangerous animal here, and the apocalyptic beasts of Revelation 13.
From the study of Revelation 15:2
- Range of meaning
Thērion is a wild animal, especially a predator: arena beasts, monsters. Eikōn is an image, likeness, statue or portrait. Arithmos is a number. Onoma is a name, and by extension identity, authority and ownership.
- Against the English
"Beast" is right but can sound merely quaint. The Greek suggests a dangerous predator. "Image" can sound abstract to modern ears, but here it means a physical cult statue.
- Used elsewhere in the period
In Daniel 7 (Septuagint thēria) four beasts rising from the sea stand for empires. Revelation 13 combines their features into one beast. An eikōn of an emperor was a familiar object: honorific and cult statues of emperors stood in the imperial temples at Pergamum, Smyrna and Ephesus. Adding up the letter-values of a name was a common practice, called gematria in Jewish usage. There is a Pompeii graffito: "I love her whose number is 545."
From the study of Revelation 17:17
- Range of meaning
A wild animal, a dangerous predatory beast, as opposed to a tame animal. In Jewish apocalyptic writing it is used for a pagan empire pictured as a monster.
- Against the English
'Beast' is standard and fits well.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Daniel 7 in the Greek Old Testament: four thēria rise from the sea, the fourth has ten horns, and the ten horns are ten kings (7:7, 24). Revelation 13:1–8 combines Daniel's beasts into one. 4 Ezra 11–12 is a parallel in which an eagle stands for Rome.
Similar words
Where it appears
Mark · 1
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Mark 1:13 θηρίων· wild animals;
and He was there for forty days, being tempted by Satan. He was with the wild animals, and the angels ministered to Him.
Acts · 3
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Acts 11:6 θηρία wild beasts
I looked at it closely and saw four-footed animals of the earth, wild beasts, reptiles, and birds of the air.
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Acts 28:4 θηρίον beast
When the islanders saw the creature hanging from his hand, they said to one another, “Surely this man is a murderer. Although he was saved from the sea, Justice has not allowed him to live.”
Here: A general word for a wild, dangerous animal. Greek writers often used it for snakes. Here it refers back to the echidna, "viper," of verse 3.
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Acts 28:5 θηρίον creature
But Paul shook the creature off into the fire and suffered no ill effects.
Here: The ordinary Greek word for a wild animal, and a standard word for a venomous snake. Luke repeats the islanders' word from verse 4 rather than saying 'viper' again.
Titus · 1
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Titus 1:12 θηρία, beasts,
As one of their own prophets has said, “Cretans are always liars, evil beasts, lazy gluttons.”
Hebrews · 1
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Hebrews 12:20 θηρίον a beast
For they could not bear what was commanded: “If even an animal touches the mountain, it must be stoned.”
James · 1
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James 3:7 θηρίων of beasts
All kinds of animals, birds, reptiles, and creatures of the sea are being tamed and have been tamed by man,
Here: Land animals, especially wild four-footed ones, as opposed to farm animals. The word carries a sense of untamed danger, which makes the boast of taming them sharper.
Revelation · 39
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Revelation 6:8 θηρίων beasts
Then I looked and saw a pale green horse. Its rider’s name was Death, and Hades followed close behind. And they were given authority over a fourth of the earth, to kill by sword, by famine, by plague, and by the beasts of the earth.
Here: Plural: wild, dangerous animals such as lions, wolves and bears, which overrun land that war and famine have emptied. This is a standard covenant curse (Lev 26:22; Ezek 14:15).
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Revelation 11:7 θηρίον beast
When the two witnesses have finished their testimony, the beast that comes up from the Abyss will wage war with them, and will overpower and kill them.
Here: A dangerous wild animal. In Daniel 7, beasts stand for violent empires, so the word paints the persecutor as a predator rather than a lawful ruler.
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Revelation 13:1 θηρίον a beast
Then I saw a beast with ten horns and seven heads rising out of the sea. There were ten royal crowns on its horns and blasphemous names on its heads.
Here: A dangerous, untamed animal, the kind that kills and devours. It is the opposite of the 'living creatures' (zōa) around God's throne and of the Lamb (arnion).
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Revelation 13:2 θηρίον beast
The beast I saw was like a leopard, with the feet of a bear and the mouth of a lion. And the dragon gave the beast his power and his throne and great authority.
Here: A wild, dangerous, predatory animal, not a farm animal. This is the creature from the sea, built out of Daniel's beasts.
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Revelation 13:3 θηρίου. beast.
One of the heads of the beast appeared to have been mortally wounded. But the mortal wound was healed, and the whole world marveled and followed the beast.
Here: A wild, dangerous animal: the monster from the sea, drawn from the beasts of Daniel 7. It stands in deliberate contrast to the Lamb (arnion).
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Revelation 13:4 θηρίῳ θηρίῳ θηρίῳ beast
They worshiped the dragon who had given authority to the beast, and they worshiped the beast, saying, “Who is like the beast, and who can wage war against it?”
Here: A wild, predatory animal. It echoes the beasts of Daniel 7, which stand for empires. The beast receives the authority.
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Revelation 13:11 θηρίον beast
Then I saw another beast rising out of the earth. This beast had two horns like a lamb, but spoke like a dragon.
Here: A wild, untamed animal. Following Daniel 7, it stands for a ruling power or system, not a literal creature. Later Revelation calls this beast 'the false prophet' (16:13; 19:20; 20:10).
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Revelation 13:12 θηρίου θηρίον beast
And this beast exercised all the authority of the first beast and caused the earth and those who dwell in it to worship the first beast, whose mortal wound had been healed.
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Revelation 13:14 θηρίου θηρίῳ beast
Because of the signs it was given to perform on behalf of the first beast, it deceived those who dwell on the earth, telling them to make an image to the beast that had been wounded by the sword and yet had lived.
Here: The first beast, from the sea (13:1–8). The word means a predatory wild animal. It recalls Daniel 7, where beasts stand for empires.
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Revelation 13:15 θηρίου θηρίου, θηρίου beast, beast,
The second beast was permitted to give breath to the image of the first beast, so that the image could speak and cause all who refused to worship it to be killed.
Here: The first beast, the one from the sea (13:1) whose deadly wound was healed (13:3, 14). The image belongs to it and represents it.
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Revelation 13:17 θηρίου beast
so that no one could buy or sell unless he had the mark—the name of the beast or the number of its name.
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Revelation 13:18 θηρίου, beast,
Here is a call for wisdom: Let the one who has insight calculate the number of the beast, for it is the number of a man, and that number is 666.
Here: A wild, dangerous animal. It is Daniel's image (Dan 7) for a predatory empire and its ruler, set against the Lamb.
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Revelation 14:9 θηρίον beast
And a third angel followed them, calling out in a loud voice, “If anyone worships the beast and its image and receives its mark on his forehead or on his hand,
Here: The beast from the sea of 13:1–8. Modeled on the beasts of Daniel 7, it stands for a predatory empire and its ruler, which claim worship and make war on God's people.
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Revelation 14:11 θηρίον beast
And the smoke of their torment rises forever and ever. Day and night there is no rest for those who worship the beast and its image, or for anyone who receives the mark of its name.”
Here: The beast from the sea (13:1–8), a monster made up of the beasts of Daniel 7. It stands for a God-defying imperial power. The first hearers would most naturally have thought of Rome and its emperors.
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Revelation 15:2 θηρίου beast
And I saw something like a sea of glass mixed with fire, beside which stood those who had conquered the beast and its image and the number of its name. They were holding harps from God,
Here: A wild, dangerous animal, the kind of predator thrown at people in the arena. It draws on Daniel 7, where empires appear as monstrous beasts. Here it stands for the persecuting world-power of chapter 13.
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Revelation 16:2 θηρίου beast
So the first angel went and poured out his bowl on the earth, and loathsome, malignant sores broke out on those who had the mark of the beast and worshiped its image.
Here: 'The beast': the monster from the sea in Revelation 13, drawn from Daniel 7's beasts that stand for predatory empires. It is a wild, dangerous animal, not a farm animal.
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Revelation 16:10 θηρίου, beast,
And the fifth angel poured out his bowl on the throne of the beast, and its kingdom was plunged into darkness, and men began to gnaw their tongues in anguish
Here: The sea-beast of chapter 13, a predatory ruler modeled on Daniel's beast-empires. It demands worship and makes war on God's people.
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Revelation 16:13 θηρίου beast
And I saw three unclean spirits that looked like frogs coming out of the mouths of the dragon, the beast, and the false prophet.
Here: This is the beast from the sea (13:1–10). It is a predatory monster built from Daniel's four beasts and stands for imperial power that demands worship.
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Revelation 17:3 θηρίον a beast
And the angel carried me away in the Spirit into a wilderness, where I saw a woman sitting on a scarlet beast that was covered with blasphemous names and had seven heads and ten horns.
Here: A dangerous wild animal, not a farm animal. It is the same sea-beast as 13:1: seven heads, ten horns, blasphemous names. Behind it stands Daniel 7, where beasts stand for empires.
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Revelation 17:7 θηρίου beast
“Why are you so amazed?” said the angel. “I will tell you the mystery of the woman and of the beast that carries her, which has the seven heads and ten horns.
Here: A wild, dangerous animal. Since Daniel 7, beasts had stood for violent world empires. This is the scarlet beast of 17:3, the same as the sea-beast of 13:1.
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Revelation 17:8 θηρίον θηρίον beast
The beast that you saw—it was, and now is no more, but is about to come up out of the Abyss and go to its destruction. And those who dwell on the earth whose names were not written in the Book of Life from the foundation of the world will marvel when they see the beast that was, and is not, and yet will be.
Here: A dangerous, untamed predator. The word recalls Daniel's beasts, which stood for empires, and it stands opposite the Lamb who is the hero of Revelation.
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Revelation 17:11 θηρίον beast
The beast that was, and now is not, is an eighth king, who belongs to the other seven and is going into destruction.
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Revelation 17:12 θηρίου. beast.
The ten horns you saw are ten kings who have not yet received a kingdom, but will receive one hour of authority as kings along with the beast.
Here: The wild beast: the predatory imperial power of Revelation 13 and 17, modelled on Daniel's beasts and set against the Lamb (17:14).
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Revelation 17:13 θηρίῳ beast
These kings have one purpose: to yield their power and authority to the beast.
Here: The predatory beast from the sea, built from Daniel's empire-beasts. It stands deliberately against the Lamb (arnion) of the next verse.
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Revelation 17:16 θηρίον, beast,
And the ten horns and the beast that you saw will hate the prostitute. They will leave her desolate and naked, and they will eat her flesh and burn her with fire.
Here: This is the scarlet beast the woman has been riding (17:3), meaning the imperial power that carried her. Now it turns on its rider.
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Revelation 17:17 θηρίῳ beast
For God has put it into their hearts to carry out His purpose by uniting to give their kingdom to the beast, until the words of God are fulfilled.
Here: The scarlet beast of 17:3, the same as the sea-beast of chapter 13. It is the empire-power pictured as a predatory animal, drawing on Daniel 7.
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Revelation 18:2 θηρίου creature
And he cried out in a mighty voice: “Fallen, fallen is Babylon the great! She has become a lair for demons and a haunt for every unclean spirit, every unclean bird, and every detestable beast.
Here: A wild, undomesticated animal such as a jackal or hyena, the creatures that live in ruins (Isaiah 13:21–22). In Revelation the same word names 'the Beast' (13:1). The woman Babylon rode a beast (17:3), and now her city is a den of beasts.
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Revelation 19:19 θηρίον beast
Then I saw the beast and the kings of the earth with their armies assembled to wage war against the One seated on the horse, and against His army.
Here: The predatory monster from the sea (13:1), modelled on the beasts of Daniel 7. It stands for oppressive imperial power that demands worship. Here it leads the attack in person.
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Revelation 19:20 θηρίον, θηρίου beast,, beast
But the beast was captured along with the false prophet, who on its behalf had performed signs deceiving those who had the mark of the beast and worshiped its image. Both the beast and the false prophet were thrown alive into the fiery lake of burning sulfur.
Here: The beast from the sea in Revelation 13. It is a predator figure built from Daniel 7's beast-empires, and it stands opposite the Lamb.
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Revelation 20:4 θηρίον beast
Then I saw the thrones, and those seated on them had been given authority to judge. And I saw the souls of those who had been beheaded for their testimony of Jesus and for the word of God, and those who had not worshiped the beast or its image and had not received its mark on their foreheads or hands. And they came to life and reigned with Christ for a thousand years.
Here: The sea-beast of ch. 13, drawn from Daniel 7's beast-empires: political power that demands to be worshiped.
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Revelation 20:10 θηρίον beast
And the devil who had deceived them was thrown into the lake of fire and sulfur, into which the beast and the false prophet had already been thrown. There they will be tormented day and night forever and ever.
Here: The beast from the sea (13:1), a monstrous ruling power modelled on Daniel 7. It was thrown alive into this lake at 19:20.
Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.