Greek word · G2842

κοινωνία

koinōnia

participation

Sharing, partnership, participation, communion. From κοινός, 'common, shared'. It means holding a share in something with others.

Appears 18 times in 16 verses of the Greek New Testament. ·

What it means

κοινωνία, -ας, ἡ

(κοινωνός), [in LXX: Leviticus 6:2 (יָד תְּשׂוּמֶת), Wisdom of Solomon 8:18, 3Ma.4:6 * ;]

1. fellowship, communion: Acts 2:42, 2 Corinthians 6:14, Philippians 1:5; τ. υἱοῦ, 1 Corinthians 1:9; τ. αἵματος, σώματος Χρ., 1 Corinthians 10:10 : παθημάτων αὐτσῦ, Philippians 3:10; τ. πνεύματος, 2 Corinthians 13:13, Philippians 2:1; δεξιὰς κοινωνίας, Galatians 2:9; τ. πίστεώς σου, Phm 6; before μετὰ: τ. πατρός, 1 John 1:3 John 1:6; ἡμῶν, ἀλλήλων, 1 John 1:3 John 1:7.

2. contribution (as outcome of fellowship): Romans 15:26, 2 Corinthians 8:4 9:13, Hebrews 13:6 (cf. Art. Communion, DB, i, 460 ff.; MM, Exp., xv).†

(AS)

From G. Abbott-Smith, A Manual Greek Lexicon of the New Testament (1922), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).

In depth

From the study of Acts 2:42

Range of meaning

Sharing, partnership, participation, communion. From κοινός, 'common, shared'. It means holding a share in something with others. It covers business partnership, the bond of marriage, the shared life of citizens, participation in something (1 Cor 10:16, 'a participation in the blood of Christ'), and even a financial contribution (Rom 15:26; 2 Cor 8:4; 9:13).

Against the English

Modern 'fellowship' suggests friendly social time, warm feelings among believers, or a church social event ('fellowship hall', 'fellowship time'). The Greek word is more concrete and more costly: partnership in a shared life, including shared material goods.

How it drifted

'Fellowship' originally meant partnership or membership of a company. In church English it gradually narrowed to sociability and pleasant company.

Used elsewhere in the period

Common in papyri for business partnerships. LXX Lev 5:21 (6:2 Eng.) uses it for a partnership or joint holding of property. Luke's only other use of the word family for people is Luke 5:10, where James and John are Simon's koinōnoi, his partners in a fishing business. Greek moral writers repeated the proverb 'friends hold things in common' (koina ta philōn, cited by Aristotle and attributed to the Pythagoreans). Luke echoes it in 2:44 ('had all things koina') and 4:32 ('one heart and soul… everything in common'). The Qumran community (1QS) also pooled property.

From the study of Philippians 2:1

Range of meaning

Having something in common: joint participation, partnership, sharing, communion. It can mean (1) a share in something (participation in); (2) the relationship among those who share (partnership, fellowship); (3) a concrete sharing or contribution (Rom 15:26, a financial gift). Commercial papyri use it for business partnerships.

Against the English

'Fellowship' (KJV, BSB, NASB) is traditional. ESV 'participation' brings out the sense of a share in the Spirit. NIV 'common sharing' tries to hold both. Modern 'fellowship' often suggests social time or friendly company, which is much thinner than a joint stake in a shared reality.

How it drifted

In church English 'fellowship' became the word for social gatherings (the 'fellowship hall', 'fellowship time'). That shifted its center from a shared possession toward pleasant socializing.

Used elsewhere in the period

Greek friendship ideals said 'friends hold things in common' (koina ta philōn), and koinōnia was a key friendship and partnership word. Paul uses it in Philippians for their 'partnership in the gospel' (1:5) and his hope to 'share in Christ's sufferings' (3:10). The closest parallel is 2 Cor 13:13 (14): 'the koinōnia of the Holy Spirit'.

From the study of 1 John 1:7

Range of meaning

Sharing, participation, partnership: having something in common with others. Used of business partnerships, of marriage as a shared life, of contributing money to a common cause (Rom 15:26; 2 Cor 9:13), and of sharing in something (1 Cor 10:16, sharing in Christ's blood and body). The root idea is koinos, "common, shared".

Against the English

"Fellowship" in modern church English often means friendly social contact ("fellowship hall", "fellowship time"). Koinōnia is heavier than that. It means a joint stake in a common reality. BDAG gives "close association involving mutual interests and sharing".

How it drifted

Older English "fellowship" meant partnership or membership in a company (the word comes from a Norse term for business partners). Through church usage it has narrowed toward socialising and mutual friendliness.

Used elsewhere in the period

Common in papyrus contracts for business partnerships. Philo and others use it for the bond of shared life. In Acts 2:42 it stands next to the breaking of bread and prayers. 1 John 1:3 defines it: "our koinōnia is with the Father and with his Son Jesus Christ", that is, a sharing in the "eternal life" made visible in Jesus (1:2).

Similar words

Where it appears

Acts · 1
  1. Acts 2:42 κοινωνίᾳ, in fellowship,

    They devoted themselves to the apostles’ teaching and to the fellowship, to the breaking of bread and to prayer.

    Here: Having things in common: a partnership in which people hold a share of something together. The next verses say what that meant in practice: they 'had all things in common' and sold property to meet needs (2:44–45).

Romans · 1
  1. Romans 15:26 κοινωνίαν a contribution

    For Macedonia and Achaia were pleased to make a contribution for the poor among the saints in Jerusalem.

1 Corinthians · 3
  1. 1 Corinthians 1:9 κοινωνίαν fellowship

    God, who has called you into fellowship with His Son Jesus Christ our Lord, is faithful.

    Here: A joint share, a common stake. They were summoned into a sharing that belongs to and centres on the Son. It is much more than friendly company.

  2. 1 Corinthians 10:16 κοινωνία κοινωνία a participation

    Is not the cup of blessing that we bless a participation in the blood of Christ? And is not the bread that we break a participation in the body of Christ?

    Here: The key word. It means having a joint share in something with others, being partners in it. Drinking the cup makes the drinkers co-sharers in Christ's blood, and so co-sharers with each other.

2 Corinthians · 3
  1. 2 Corinthians 6:14 κοινωνία fellowship

    Do not be unequally yoked with unbelievers. For what partnership can righteousness have with wickedness? Or what fellowship does light have with darkness?

    Here: A common stake, joint participation in something. Paul used the same word for sharing in sacred meals: the Lord's table and, by contrast, pagan altars (1 Cor 10:16–20).

  2. 2 Corinthians 8:4 κοινωνίαν fellowship

    they earnestly pleaded with us for the privilege of sharing in this service to the saints.

    Here: Having a share in something held in common, here a joint enterprise of giving. In Paul's collection language the same word can mean the contribution itself (Rom 15:26; 2 Cor 9:13).

  3. 2 Corinthians 9:13 κοινωνίας participation

    Because of the proof this ministry provides, the saints will glorify God for your obedient confession of the gospel of Christ, and for the generosity of your contribution to them and to all the others.

    Here: Partnership expressed in sharing goods. The gift is the concrete form their partnership with the Jerusalem believers takes (compare Rom 15:26).

Galatians · 1
  1. Galatians 2:9 κοινωνίας, of fellowship,

    And recognizing the grace that I had been given, James, Cephas, and John—those reputed to be pillars—gave me and Barnabas the right hand of fellowship, so that we should go to the Gentiles, and they to the circumcised.

    Here: "Of partnership". The word is held back to the end of the clause for emphasis. The handshakes stood for a shared enterprise: two missions joined as partners in one gospel, each with its own field.

Philippians · 3
  1. Philippians 1:5 κοινωνίᾳ partnership

    because of your partnership in the gospel from the first day until now,

    Here: A shared stake in a common enterprise, the word used for business partnerships, and in Paul also for financial contributions. Here it covers the Philippians' active, practical involvement in Paul's mission, very much including their money gifts (4:15–18).

  2. Philippians 2:1 κοινωνία fellowship

    Therefore if you have any encouragement in Christ, if any comfort from His love, if any fellowship with the Spirit, if any affection and compassion,

    Here: A joint share in something held in common. Here it means a common share in the Spirit, which binds together the people who hold that share. It is the same word Paul uses in 1:5 for their 'partnership in the gospel'.

  3. Philippians 3:10 κοινωνίαν fellowship

    I want to know Christ and the power of His resurrection and the fellowship of His sufferings, being conformed to Him in His death,

    Here: Having a real joint share in something. Here it means actually taking part in Christ's sufferings. It does not mean sympathy or companionship.

Philemon · 1
  1. Philemon 1:6 κοινωνία fellowship

    I pray that your partnership in the faith may become effective as you fully acknowledge every good thing that is ours in Christ.

    Here: The two-way sharing that comes from Philemon's faith: his partnership with other believers and with Paul, and his practical generosity to them. It prepares for verse 17: 'if you consider me a partner (koinōnos), receive him as you would me.'

Hebrews · 1
  1. Hebrews 13:16 κοινωνίας of sharing

    And do not neglect to do good and to share with others, for with such sacrifices God is pleased.

    Here: Holding things in common, and here especially sharing what you own with fellow believers in need, as in Paul's word for the collection for the poor (Rom 15:26; 2 Cor 9:13). It means generosity you can see, not a feeling of togetherness.

1 John · 4
  1. 1 John 1:3 κοινωνίαν κοινωνία fellowship

    We proclaim to you what we have seen and heard, so that you also may have fellowship with us. And this fellowship of ours is with the Father and with His Son, Jesus Christ.

    Here: The thing to be had: a joint share, a partnership in something held in common. Here it is a share in 'the eternal life' of verse 2 that the witnesses already hold.

  2. 1 John 1:6 κοινωνίαν fellowship

    If we say we have fellowship with Him yet walk in the darkness, we lie and do not practice the truth.

    Here: A shared life, joint ownership of something held in common. It picks up 1:3, where the writer's whole goal is that readers share in the partnership 'with the Father and with his Son Jesus Christ.' The claim is to be a partner in God's own life.

  3. 1 John 1:7 κοινωνίαν fellowship

    But if we walk in the light as He is in the light, we have fellowship with one another, and the blood of Jesus His Son cleanses us from all sin.

    Here: A shared stake in something held in common. In this letter that something is the eternal life of the Father and the Son (1:2–3). It placed first in its clause for emphasis.

Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.