Greek word · G3022
λευκός
leukos
white
Leukos: white, bright, gleaming. Himation: the outer robe or cloak, the garment that was seen in public and showed status.
Appears 25 times in 23 verses of the Greek New Testament. ·
What it means
λευκο-βύσσινος, -ον
(cf. λευκολινής, a robe of white flax, C.I., 155, 17),
white linen: Revelation 19:14 (WH, mg.).†
λευκός, ή, -όν
[in LXX chiefly for לָבָן ;]
1. bright, brilliant: of clothing, Matthew 17:2, Mark 9:3 16:5, Luke 9:29, Acts 1:10, Revelation 3:5 4:4 6:11 7:9, 13 19:14 (cf. Ecclesiastes 9:8); ὡς χιών, Matthew 28:3; ἐν λ.. (sc. ἱματίοις), John 20:12, Revelation 3:4; θρόνος, Revelation 20:11.
2. white: Matthew 5:36, Revelation 1:14 2:17 4:4 6:2 14:14 19:11; figuratively, of garments, Revelation 3:18; of ripened grain, John 4:35.†
(AS)
From G. Abbott-Smith, A Manual Greek Lexicon of the New Testament (1922), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).
In depth
From the study of Revelation 3:5
- Range of meaning
Leukos: white, bright, gleaming. Himation: the outer robe or cloak, the garment that was seen in public and showed status.
- Against the English
'White raiment / white garments / dressed in white'. All are accurate. The danger is narrowing white to 'moral innocence' alone.
- Used elsewhere in the period
In Greco-Roman life, white clothing was worn at festivals, religious processions and celebrations, and temple rules often required clean clothes to approach a god. In Jewish apocalyptic writing, white or shining garments are the clothing of heavenly beings and of the righteous raised to glory: Dan 7:9; 12:10 (made white); 1 Enoch 62:15–16 ('garments of glory… garments of life'). In Revelation: the elders (4:4), the martyrs (6:11), the great multitude washed in the Lamb's blood (7:9, 13–14), the bride's fine linen, which is 'the righteous deeds of the saints' (19:8), and the armies of heaven (19:14). Sardis is offered 'white garments to clothe yourself' in 3:18 (to Laodicea, using the same verb).
From the study of Matthew 17:2
- Range of meaning
Bright, shining, gleaming; white. The root idea is brightness. In older Greek it can describe light itself, and only later mainly a color. Applied to garments it marks festive, pure or heavenly clothing.
- Against the English
'White' in English is mainly a color, and can even suggest something pale. Leukos together with 'as the light' means dazzling, radiant brightness.
- How it drifted
The ordinary English word for the color has narrowed the Greek sense, which included brightness.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Daniel 7:9: the Ancient of Days' clothing 'white as snow'. Matthew 28:3: the angel at the tomb, 'appearance like lightning, clothing white as snow'. Revelation 3:4–5, 4:4, 7:9: the white robes of the faithful. 1 Enoch 62:15–16 speaks of 'garments of glory' for the righteous. Mark 9:3: 'such as no launderer on earth could bleach them'.
- Range of meaning
White, bright, light-coloured, pale. It is used of garments, hair, light, and things that have lost their green or dark colour.
- Against the English
KJV, ESV, NASB, WEB and YLT keep 'white'. BSB and NIV give 'ripe', which is the meaning. NLT has 'ripe' too.
- How it drifted
Modern English does not use 'white' for ripe wheat, so readers either find it puzzling or read extra meaning into it, such as 'overripe and about to rot'.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Used for white garments in John 20:12 and often in Revelation (Rev 3:4; 7:9). Calling ripening grain 'white' is uncommon. It describes the pale, bleached look of grain at full ripeness under the sun. Greek parallels for this exact use are thin, and commentators note that the expression is unusual.
Where it appears
Matthew · 3
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Matthew 5:36 λευκὴν white
Nor should you swear by your head, for you cannot make a single hair white or black.
Here: White, here meaning grey or white with age. Whether a hair goes white is outside your control.
-
Matthew 17:2 λευκὰ white
There He was transfigured before them. His face shone like the sun, and His clothes became as white as the light.
Here: Not a flat paint-white but brilliant, light-giving whiteness. This is the standard color of heavenly beings and of the righteous in glory (Daniel 7:9; Matthew 28:3; Revelation 3:5).
-
Matthew 28:3 λευκὸν white
His appearance was like lightning, and his clothes were white as snow.
Here: Not only a color. It means brilliant, light-filled whiteness, and in Jewish and early Christian writing it is the standard mark of heavenly beings and heavenly clothing.
Mark · 2
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Mark 9:3 λευκὰ white
His clothes became radiantly white, brighter than any launderer on earth could bleach them.
Here: White in the sense of brilliant and light-filled. In Jewish writings of the time it is the colour of heavenly beings and of the glorified righteous.
-
Mark 16:5 λευκὴν white
When they entered the tomb, they saw a young man dressed in a white robe sitting on the right side, and they were alarmed.
Here: Bright or gleaming white, the colour of heavenly beings and of glory in Jewish and early Christian imagery (Dan 7:9; Mark 9:3; Rev 7:9). To the women it signalled a messenger from God's world.
Luke · 1
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Luke 9:29 λευκὸς white
And as He was praying, the appearance of His face changed, and His clothes became radiantly white.
Here: Not only a colour but brightness. In Jewish writings of the time it is the colour of heavenly figures and of God's own presence (Dan 7:9).
John · 2
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John 4:35 λευκαί white
Do you not say, ‘There are still four months until the harvest’? I tell you, lift up your eyes and look at the fields, for they are ripe for harvest.
Here: 'White': grain that has gone from green to pale and is ready to cut. In this verse it means ripe, not overripe or spoiling.
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John 20:12 λευκοῖς white
and she saw two angels in white sitting where the body of Jesus had lain, one at the head and the other at the feet.
Here: A neuter plural with the word 'garments' understood: 'in white things', that is, white clothes. In Jewish and early Christian writing this is the standard dress of heavenly beings.
Acts · 1
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Acts 1:10 λευκαῖς, white,
They were looking intently into the sky as He was going, when suddenly two men dressed in white stood beside them.
Here: White or brilliant. In Jewish and early Christian visions this is the standard sign of a heavenly being or of glory (Dan 7:9; Luke 9:29; Mark 16:5; Rev 3:4–5).
Revelation · 16
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Revelation 1:14 λευκαὶ λευκὸν [are] white, white
The hair of His head was white like wool, as white as snow, and His eyes were like a blazing fire.
Here: Agrees in form with "hairs". It works as the main statement: the hairs "[were] white". Greek leaves the verb out, which is normal in a breathless vision report. In Revelation the word always belongs to heaven: white robes, a white stone, a white horse, a white throne.
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Revelation 2:17 λευκήν, white,
He who has an ear, let him hear what the Spirit says to the churches. To the one who overcomes, I will give the hidden manna. I will also give him a white stone inscribed with a new name, known only to the one who receives it.
Here: White: in Revelation the colour of victory, purity and heavenly glory (white robes 3:4–5; 7:9; white horse 19:11). In Greco-Roman custom a white pebble meant acquittal or a lucky, festive day.
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Revelation 3:4 λευκοῖς, white,
But you do have a few people in Sardis who have not soiled their garments, and because they are worthy, they will walk with Me in white.
Here: 'In white', with 'garments' understood. White here is bright, festive and victorious: the dress of purity, celebration and heavenly glory throughout Revelation.
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Revelation 3:5 λευκοῖς, white,
Like them, he who overcomes will be dressed in white. And I will never blot out his name from the Book of Life, but I will confess his name before My Father and His angels.
Here: Brilliant white, the colour of festival, victory, heavenly glory and purity in Revelation (1:14; 4:4; 6:11; 7:9, 13–14; 19:14).
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Revelation 3:18 λευκὰ white
I counsel you to buy from Me gold refined by fire so that you may become rich, white garments so that you may be clothed and your shameful nakedness not exposed, and salve to anoint your eyes so that you may see.
Here: In Revelation white clothing belongs to those who overcome and are found worthy (3:4–5; 7:9, 14; 19:8). It stands for honour, victory, purity and celebration.
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Revelation 4:4 λευκοῖς, white,
Surrounding the throne were twenty-four other thrones, and on these thrones sat twenty-four elders dressed in white, with golden crowns on their heads.
Here: Gleaming white. In Revelation it is the color of heavenly beings, of purity and of victory, and it is the clothing promised to faithful believers (3:4–5, 18).
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Revelation 6:2 λευκὸς white
So I looked and saw a white horse, and its rider held a bow. And he was given a crown, and he rode out to overcome and conquer.
Here: Each horse's colour fits its task: red for bloodshed, black for scarcity, pale green for death. White on a war horse suggests victory and triumph. In Revelation white also belongs to heavenly things, and that is one reason the rider's identity is debated.
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Revelation 6:11 λευκὴ white
Then each of them was given a white robe and told to rest a little while longer until the full number of their fellow servants, their brothers, were killed, just as they had been killed.
Here: Bright white. In Revelation it is the color of purity, victory and heavenly honor (3:4–5; 7:9, 13–14).
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Revelation 7:9 λευκὰς white
After this I looked and saw a multitude too large to count, from every nation and tribe and people and tongue, standing before the throne and before the Lamb. They were wearing white robes and holding palm branches in their hands.
Here: White or shining. In Revelation white signals purity, victory and belonging to the heavenly world (3:4–5, 18; 6:11; 19:14). Verse 14 explains it: robes washed white in the Lamb's blood.
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Revelation 7:13 λευκάς, white,
Then one of the elders addressed me: “These in white robes,” he asked, “who are they, and where have they come from?”
Here: Brilliant white, the colour of heaven, victory, festival joy and purity throughout Revelation (3:4–5; 4:4; 6:11; 19:14). Verse 14 explains how such whiteness was gained.
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Revelation 14:14 λευκή, white,
And I looked and saw a white cloud, and seated on the cloud was One like the Son of Man, with a golden crown on His head and a sharp sickle in His hand.
Here: White in Revelation goes with heaven, victory and purity: white robes, white horse, white throne. It marks the cloud as heavenly and its rider as triumphant.
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Revelation 19:11 λευκός white
Then I saw heaven standing open, and there before me was a white horse. And its rider is called Faithful and True. With righteousness He judges and wages war.
Here: In Revelation white is the colour of victory, heavenly purity and vindication (white robes, white stone, white throne). A white horse also called to mind the Roman victor's triumphal procession.
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Revelation 19:14 λευκοῖς λευκὸν white
The armies of heaven, dressed in fine linen, white and pure, follow Him on white horses.
Here: White horses, matching their commander's (19:11). The colour signals victory and heavenly glory, and it recalls the white horses of a Roman victory parade.
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Revelation 20:11 λευκὸν white
Then I saw a great white throne and the One seated on it. Earth and heaven fled from His presence, and no place was found for them.
Here: Brilliant, shining white. In Revelation this color belongs to heavenly glory, holiness, victory and vindication: white robes, a white horse, white hair (1:14).
Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.