Greek word · G3483

ναί

nai

yes

“Your yes [be] yes and your no [be] no.” With the article “the,” the first “yes” is the word a person speaks and the second is what it must be in reality. A yes must be true and must be kept.

Appears 33 times in 29 verses of the Greek New Testament. ·

What it means

ναί

particle of affirmation,

yea, verily, even so; in answer to a question: Matthew 9:28 13:51 17:25 21:16, John 11:27 21:15-16, Acts 5:8 22:27, Romans 3:29; before λέγω ὑμῖν, Matthew 11:9, Luke 7:26; repeated for emphasis, ναὶ ναί (opposite to oὒ oὔ): Matthew 5:37; ἤτω ὑμῶν τὸ ναὶ ναί, James 5:12; ν. καὶ οὔ, 2 Corinthians 1:18-19; ἵνα ᾖ . . . τὸ ναὶ ναί, 2 Corinthians 1:17; τὸ ν., 2 Corinthians 1:20; in assent to an assertion: Matthew 15:27, Mark 7:28, Revelation 14:13 16:7; in confirmation of a previous assertion: Matthew 11:26, Luke 10:21 11:51 12:5, Philippians 4:3, Phm 20; in solemn asseveration Revelation 1:7 22:20.†

(AS)

From G. Abbott-Smith, A Manual Greek Lexicon of the New Testament (1922), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).

In depth

From the study of James 5:12

Range of meaning

“Your yes [be] yes and your no [be] no.” With the article “the,” the first “yes” is the word a person speaks and the second is what it must be in reality. A yes must be true and must be kept.

Against the English

BSB, KJV, ESV, NASB and WEB keep the structure. The NIV’s “a simple ‘Yes’ or ‘No’” and similar paraphrases make it about using as few words as possible, and lose the point that the yes must correspond to reality.

Used elsewhere in the period

Matthew’s version (5:37) has no article: “let your word be ‘yes, yes,’ ‘no, no.’” Some read Matthew’s doubled yes as a substitute oath formula. Later Jewish texts treat a doubled “yes” as oath-like (b. Shevuot 36a; cf. 2 Enoch 49:1). James’s wording, with the article, rules out that reading. Justin Martyr quotes the saying in a form close to James’s (1 Apology 16.5). Paul uses the same yes/no language for integrity of word in 2 Cor 1:17–20.

From the study of Matthew 5:37

Range of meaning

ναί is the normal Greek 'yes' (also 'indeed, truly' when it strengthens a statement); οὐ is the ordinary 'not/no'. Doubling a word in Greek and in Semitic speech can strengthen it ('yes, yes!'), and it can also stand for a short formula, 'yes [means] yes'.

Against the English

BSB, WEB, NIV and ESV turn the doubled form into the James 5:12 sense ('let your yes be yes'). KJV, YLT and NASB keep the doubled form ('Yea, yea; Nay, nay'), which is closer to the Greek but can sound like a double affirmation was required.

Used elsewhere in the period

James 5:12 has the clearer form: 'let your yes be yes and your no be no' (ἤτω δὲ ὑμῶν τὸ ναὶ ναί καὶ τὸ οὒ οὔ). Justin Martyr (1 Apology 16.5) quotes the saying in the James form, which suggests the two were understood as the same teaching. In 2 Enoch 49:1, a Jewish text of uncertain date, Enoch refuses to swear and says instead 'yes yes' or 'no no'. The Babylonian Talmud (Shevuot 36a) records the view that a doubled 'yes, yes' or 'no, no' can count as an oath. Both of these are later than Matthew or hard to date.

From the study of Revelation 1:7

Range of meaning

ναί is Greek for 'yes'. ἀμήν comes from Hebrew ʾāmēn, 'firm, reliable', and is used to agree with something solemnly: 'truly, so it is, so be it'.

Against the English

Many English readers hear 'Amen' simply as the word that ends a prayer. Here it is part of a two-language seal on a prophecy: 'Yes! Truly!'

How it drifted

Liturgical habit made 'Amen' a closing formula and dulled its meaning as a statement that something is certain.

Used elsewhere in the period

Hebrew ʾāmēn in Deut 27:15–26 and Neh 8:6. Paul pairs 'Abba, Father' the same way (Rom 8:15; Gal 4:6). 2 Cor 1:20 has 'yes… amen' together. Rev 22:20 has 'Yes, I am coming soon. Amen.'

Where it appears

Matthew · 9
  1. Matthew 5:37 ναὶ ναί, Yes, Yes,

    Simply let your ‘Yes’ be ‘Yes,’ and your ‘No,’ ‘No.’ Anything more comes from the evil one.

    Here: The plain particle of affirmation, the everyday Greek 'yes'.

  2. Matthew 9:28 ναὶ Yes

    After Jesus had entered the house, the blind men came to Him. “Do you believe that I am able to do this?” He asked. “Yes, Lord,” they answered.

    Here: A firm “yes,” with no qualification. The Canaanite woman answers with the same words, “Yes, Lord,” in Matthew 15:27.

  3. Matthew 11:9 ναὶ Yes

    What then did you go out to see? A prophet? Yes, I tell you, and more than a prophet.

    Here: A firm 'yes'. Jesus fully accepts the crowd's view before going beyond it.

  4. Matthew 11:26 ναὶ Yes

    Yes, Father, for this was well-pleasing in Your sight.

    Here: A firm 'yes'. It picks up the praise of verse 25 and says it again more strongly. It is not a sigh of resignation.

  5. Matthew 13:51 ναί Yes

    Have you understood all these things?” “Yes,” they answered.

  6. Matthew 15:27 ναὶ Yes

    “Yes, Lord,” she said, “even the dogs eat the crumbs that fall from their master’s table.”

    Here: A word of agreement. She does not argue with Jesus' saying about the children's bread. She accepts it, and then shows that it leaves room for her.

  7. Matthew 17:25 ναί. Yes.

    “Yes,” he answered. When Peter entered the house, Jesus preempted him. “What do you think, Simon?” He asked. “From whom do the kings of the earth collect customs and taxes: from their own sons, or from others?”

    Here: A flat, immediate "Yes": Peter says without hesitating that his Teacher pays the two-drachma tax. He answers for Jesus before asking him, which sets up what follows.

  8. Matthew 21:16 ναί. Yes.

    “Do You hear what these children are saying?” they asked. “Yes,” Jesus answered. “Have you never read: ‘From the mouths of children and infants You have ordained praise’?”

    Here: A flat 'Yes'. He has heard, and he makes no move to silence them. The single word already accepts the acclamation.

Luke · 4
  1. Luke 7:26 ναὶ Yes

    What then did you go out to see? A prophet? Yes, I tell you, and more than a prophet.

  2. Luke 10:21 ναὶ yes

    At that time Jesus rejoiced in the Holy Spirit and declared, “I praise You, Father, Lord of heaven and earth, because You have hidden these things from the wise and learned, and revealed them to little children. Yes, Father, for this was well-pleasing in Your sight.

    Here: A solemn “Yes!” that affirms and agrees with what God has done.

  3. Luke 11:51 ναὶ Yes

    from the blood of Abel to the blood of Zechariah, who was killed between the altar and the sanctuary. Yes, I tell you, all of it will be charged to this generation.

    Here: A strong affirmation that restates and seals what was just said in v. 50: 'Yes, truly.'

  4. Luke 12:5 ναὶ Yes

    But I will show you whom you should fear: Fear the One who, after you have been killed, has authority to throw you into hell. Yes, I tell you, fear Him!

    Here: "Yes!" An emphatic word of agreement that brings the warning down hard.

John · 3
  1. John 11:27 ναὶ Yes

    “Yes, Lord,” she answered, “I believe that You are the Christ, the Son of God, who was to come into the world.”

    Here: A firm affirmative that answers Jesus' question directly before she restates her faith in her own words.

  2. John 21:15 ναὶ Yes

    When they had finished eating, Jesus asked Simon Peter, “Simon son of John, do you love Me more than these?” “Yes, Lord,” he answered, “You know I love You.” Jesus replied, “Feed My lambs.”

    Here: A plain 'yes'. Peter agrees, but he does not repeat the 'more than these'.

  3. John 21:16 ναὶ Yes

    Jesus asked a second time, “Simon son of John, do you love Me?” “Yes, Lord,” he answered, “You know I love You.” Jesus told him, “Shepherd My sheep.”

    Here: A plain, firm yes. Peter answers 'yes' straight away; he is not taking back or downgrading anything.

Acts · 2
  1. Acts 5:8 ναὶ Yes

    “Tell me,” said Peter, “is this the price you and your husband got for the land?” “Yes,” she answered, “that is the price.”

  2. Acts 22:27 ναί. Yes.

    The commander went to Paul and asked, “Tell me, are you a Roman citizen?” “Yes,” he answered.

Romans · 1
  1. Romans 3:29 ναὶ Yes

    Is God the God of Jews only? Is He not the God of Gentiles too? Yes, of Gentiles too,

    Here: Paul answers his own question firmly. This is the style of the ancient teaching dialogue (the 'diatribe'), in which a speaker poses questions to an imagined partner and answers them.

2 Corinthians · 6
  1. 2 Corinthians 1:17 ναὶ ναὶ Yes, yes

    When I planned this, did I do it carelessly? Or do I make my plans by human standards, so as to say “Yes, yes” and also “No, no”?

    Here: Yes: the word of commitment or agreement.

  2. 2 Corinthians 1:18 ναὶ Yes

    But as surely as God is faithful, our message to you is not “Yes” and “No.”

    Here: The everyday Greek "yes", used here as a noun: a "yes".

  3. 2 Corinthians 1:19 ναὶ ναὶ Yes

    For the Son of God, Jesus Christ, who was proclaimed among you by me and Silvanus and Timothy, was not “Yes” and “No,” but in Him it has always been “Yes.”

    Here: 'Yes', affirmation or assent. Here it is paired with 'no' to describe someone who is unreliable and noncommittal.

  4. 2 Corinthians 1:20 ναί· Yes;

    For all the promises of God are “Yes” in Christ. And so through Him, our “Amen” is spoken to the glory of God.

    Here: The ordinary Greek word of affirmation. Here it is God's confirming "Yes" to his own word: what he promised, he stands behind and has made good in Christ.

Philippians · 1
  1. Philippians 4:3 ναὶ Yes

    Yes, and I ask you, my true yokefellow, to help these women who have contended at my side for the gospel, along with Clement and the rest of my fellow workers, whose names are in the Book of Life.

    Here: A particle of firm agreement. It picks up the appeal of verse 2 and adds weight to it: 'Yes, and what's more, I ask you too.'

Philemon · 1
  1. Philemon 1:20 ναί, Yes,

    Yes, brother, let me have some benefit from you in the Lord. Refresh my heart in Christ.

James · 2
  1. James 5:12 ναὶ ναὶ Yes, [be] yes

    Above all, my brothers, do not swear, not by heaven or earth or by any other oath. Simply let your “Yes” be yes, and your “No,” no, so that you will not fall under judgment.

    Here: “Yes”: the yes a person says.

Revelation · 4
  1. Revelation 1:7 ναὶ Yes

    Behold, He is coming with the clouds, and every eye will see Him—even those who pierced Him. And all the tribes of the earth will mourn because of Him. So shall it be! Amen.

    Here: The Greek word of firm agreement: 'Yes!'

  2. Revelation 14:13 ναί, Yes,

    And I heard a voice from heaven telling me to write, “Blessed are the dead—those who die in the Lord from this moment on.” “Yes,” says the Spirit, “they will rest from their labors, for their deeds will follow them.”

    Here: A strong affirmation, much like 'Amen'. The Spirit endorses the heavenly voice's statement (compare 1:7, 22:20).

  3. Revelation 16:7 ναὶ Yes

    And I heard the altar reply: “Yes, Lord God Almighty, true and just are Your judgments.”

    Here: A firm 'Yes!' of agreement. It answers and endorses what the angel of the waters has just said, much like a liturgical 'Amen' (compare 1:7 'Yes, amen'; 22:20).

  4. Revelation 22:20 ναὶ Yes

    He who testifies to these things says, “Yes, I am coming soon.” Amen. Come, Lord Jesus!

    Here: The ordinary Greek word for agreeing or confirming. Here it is a solemn "Yes!" that confirms the promise repeated through the book (22:7, 12).

Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.