Hebrew word · H1935
הוֹד
hod
splendor
Splendor, majesty, dignity, vigor. Used especially of kings: Moses gives some of his hod to Joshua (Num 27:20); the messianic 'Branch' 'will bear hod and sit and rule' (Zech 6:13); Jeremiah's mock lament for a king cries 'Alas, his hod!' (Jer 22:18).
Appears 24 times in 24 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·
What it means
splendour, majesty, vigour
Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).
In depth
From the study of 1 Chronicles 29:11
- Range of meaning
Splendor, majesty, dignity, vigor. Used especially of kings: Moses gives some of his hod to Joshua (Num 27:20); the messianic 'Branch' 'will bear hod and sit and rule' (Zech 6:13); Jeremiah's mock lament for a king cries 'Alas, his hod!' (Jer 22:18). It pairs with hadar in the stock phrase 'splendor and majesty,' said of kings (Ps 21:5; 45:3) and of God (Ps 96:6; 104:1). Daniel says his hod drained away when he lost all strength (Dan 10:8), showing it can also mean personal vigor or bearing.
- Against the English
BSB, KJV, ESV, WEB: 'majesty'; NIV: 'splendor'; YLT: 'honour.' All are fair. 'Majesty' best keeps the royal flavor.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Num 27:20; Ps 21:5; 45:3; 96:6; 104:1; Zech 6:13; Dan 10:8. In this chapter: 1 Chr 29:25, 'the LORD gave him [Solomon] royal majesty (hod malkhut) such as no king before him had had.'
From the study of Habakkuk 3:3
- Range of meaning
Splendor, majesty, dignity. It especially means the visible, commanding grandeur of a ruler. It is used for royal majesty (1 Chronicles 29:25; Psalm 45:3; Jeremiah 22:18 'his majesty'), for the authority Moses passed to Joshua (Numbers 27:20), and for God's majesty above heaven and earth (Psalm 8:1; 148:13).
- Against the English
BSB, KJV, WEB and NIV have 'glory'. ESV and NASB have 'splendor'. YLT has 'majesty'. 'Glory' is the usual English word for a different Hebrew word, kāḇôḏ (weight, honor, visible presence). Translating hôd as 'glory' therefore blurs a distinction. 'Splendor' or 'majesty' is closer.
- How it drifted
In church language 'glory' has become an all-purpose worship word, often abstract. Hôd is concrete: the overwhelming royal brilliance of a king in full display.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Psalm 104:1 ('clothed with splendor and majesty', hôd wəhādār); Job 37:22 ('out of the north comes golden splendor; God is clothed with awesome majesty'); Zechariah 6:13 (the royal figure who 'shall bear royal honor').
- Range of meaning
Splendor, majesty, dignity, vigor. It describes God (Ps 104:1, 'clothed with splendor and majesty'), kings (Ps 21:5; Jer 22:18, 'alas, his majesty!'), the royal authority Moses passes to Joshua (Num 27:20), a warhorse's might (Zech 10:3; Job 39:20), and a person's healthy vigor or color (Dan 10:8).
- Against the English
KJV/ESV/WEB 'beauty' leans toward pleasant looks. BSB/NIV 'splendor' is better: hôd is the impressive, dignified, almost royal presence of something in full strength.
- How it drifted
In modern English 'beauty' has shifted toward prettiness and aesthetic charm. The Hebrew word belongs with words for majesty and honor.
- Used elsewhere in the period
It is often paired with hāḏār ('majesty') in royal and divine praise (Ps 45:3; 96:6; 104:1; 1 Chr 16:27). The LXX elsewhere renders it with doxa ('glory') and similar words.
Where it appears
Numbers · 1
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Numbers 27:20 מֵהֽוֹדְךָ֖ some of majesty your
Confer on him some of your authority, so that the whole congregation of Israel will obey him.
1 Chronicles · 3
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1 Chronicles 16:27 ה֤וֹד splendor
Splendor and majesty are before Him; strength and joy fill His dwelling.
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1 Chronicles 29:11 וְהַה֔וֹד and the majesty
Yours, O LORD, is the greatness and the power and the glory and the splendor and the majesty, for everything in heaven and on earth belongs to You. Yours, O LORD, is the kingdom, and You are exalted as head over all.
Here: Royal majesty, the visible dignity of a king. The same chapter says God gave Solomon 'royal majesty' (hod malkhut, v. 25): what God hands to kings is his own to give.
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1 Chronicles 29:25 ה֣וֹד majesty of
The LORD highly exalted Solomon in the sight of all Israel and bestowed on him royal majesty such as had not been bestowed on any king in Israel before him.
Here: An impressive, radiant dignity that makes people respect someone. It is used mostly of God (v. 11; Ps 104:1). Here God shares a portion of his own splendor with the king.
Job · 3
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Job 37:22 הֽוֹד׃ majesty
Out of the north He comes in golden splendor; awesome majesty surrounds Him.
Here: Royal splendor: the visible, commanding dignity of a king or of God. It is the quality God dares Job to put on in 40:10. Here it is the radiance that surrounds the approaching God.
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Job 39:20 ה֖וֹד [the] majesty of
Do you make him leap like a locust, striking terror with his proud snorting?
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Job 40:10 וְה֖וֹד and glory
Then adorn yourself with majesty and splendor, and clothe yourself with honor and glory.
Here: 'And splendour.' This is the radiant authority of a ruler, something others can see and that makes them defer. It was given to Joshua by Moses (Num 27:20) and to the king by God (Ps 21:5). It surrounds God in Job 37:22.
Psalms · 8
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Psalm 8:1 ה֝וֹדְךָ֗ splendor your
For the choirmaster. According to Gittith. A Psalm of David. O LORD, our Lord, how majestic is Your name in all the earth! You have set Your glory above the heavens.
Here: "Your splendor": the radiant, royal majesty of a sovereign, the dignity that makes others bow. It is a royal word, not a vague "glory."
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Psalm 21:5 ה֥וֹד splendor
Great is his glory in Your salvation; You bestow on him splendor and majesty.
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Psalm 45:3 ה֝וֹדְךָ֗ splendor your
Strap your sword at your side, O mighty warrior; appear in your majesty and splendor.
Here: 'Your splendor': the commanding, visible dignity of a ruler. It stands without a verb, so it is either something the king puts on along with the sword, or the manner in which he appears.
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Psalm 96:6 הוֹד־ splendor
Splendor and majesty are before Him; strength and beauty fill His sanctuary.
Here: The radiant, commanding majesty that belongs to a king. It is not honor that others give him. It is the splendor he has and gives off. It opens the verse joined by a hyphen to the next word, so the two are said as a single phrase.
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Psalm 104:1 ה֭וֹד splendor
Bless the LORD, O my soul! O LORD my God, You are very great; You are clothed with splendor and majesty.
Here: Visible, commanding splendor, the kind of radiance and authority a king carries. In the Psalms it is often given to or worn by royalty (Ps 21:5; 45:3).
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Psalm 111:3 הוֹד־ [is] splendor
Splendid and majestic is His work; His righteousness endures forever.
Here: The radiant, commanding splendor of a ruler. It is a noun, not an adjective: the psalm says God's work *is* splendor, not just that it has some. Here it opens the line with the letter he (ה), the fifth step in the psalm's alphabet pattern.
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Psalm 145:5 הוֹדֶ֑ךָ splendor your
the glorious splendor of Your majesty. And I will meditate on Your wondrous works.
Here: 'Your majesty': the commanding dignity of a ruler. It closes the chain, so the whole phrase is something like 'the dazzling, weighty grandeur of your royal majesty'. Its letters also echo hadar at the start.
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Psalm 148:13 ה֝וֹד֗וֹ splendor his
Let them praise the name of the LORD, for His name alone is exalted; His splendor is above the earth and the heavens.
Here: "His majesty." The commanding splendor of a king, the visible weight of his authority. It is not the usual Hebrew word for "glory" (kavod).
Proverbs · 1
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Proverbs 5:9 הוֹדֶ֑ךָ vigor your
lest you concede your vigor to others, and your years to one who is cruel;
Here: Your splendor: the visible vigor, dignity and standing of a man in his prime. It is a stronger word than "reputation." Elsewhere it is used for royal majesty and for the fresh look of a healthy body.
Isaiah · 1
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Isaiah 30:30 ה֣וֹד [the] majesty of
And the LORD will cause His majestic voice to be heard and His mighty arm to be revealed, striking in angry wrath with a flame of consuming fire, and with cloudburst, storm, and hailstones.
Here: This is the commanding splendour of a king. The voice is not just loud. It carries royal authority.
Jeremiah · 1
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Jeremiah 22:18 הֹדֽוֹ׃ splendor his
Therefore this is what the LORD says concerning Jehoiakim son of Josiah king of Judah: “They will not mourn for him: ‘Alas, my brother! Alas, my sister!’ They will not mourn for him: ‘Alas, my master! Alas, his splendor!’
Here: Royal majesty, the visible dignity of kingship. The cry mourns that this has been extinguished, something like 'Alas, His Majesty!'
Daniel · 2
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Daniel 10:8 וְהוֹדִ֗י and vigor my
So I was left alone, gazing at this great vision. No strength remained in me; my face grew deathly pale, and I was powerless.
Here: 'My splendour' or 'my majesty': the visible glow of a healthy, dignified person, most of all the bloom of the face. A word usually used for kings, God and stately beauty is turned on Daniel's own appearance.
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Daniel 11:21 ה֣וֹד [the] honor of
In his place a despicable person will arise; royal honors will not be given to him, but he will come in a time of peace and seize the kingdom by intrigue.
Hosea · 1
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Hosea 14:6 הוֹד֑וֹ splendor its
His shoots will sprout, and his splendor will be like the olive tree, his fragrance like the cedars of Lebanon.
Here: 'His splendor'. This is the word used for royal and divine majesty and for imposing vigor. It means something closer to stately, commanding presence than to prettiness. It is the subject of 'let it be like the olive'.
Habakkuk · 1
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Habakkuk 3:3 הוֹד֔וֹ splendor his
God came from Teman, and the Holy One from Mount Paran. Selah His glory covered the heavens, and His praise filled the earth.
Here: 'His majesty.' Hôd is the radiant authority of a king (1 Chronicles 29:25 'royal majesty'; Psalm 45:3). Here it is visible brightness that fills the sky, as v. 4 goes on to describe ('radiance like the light').
Zechariah · 2
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Zechariah 6:13 ה֔וֹד majesty
Yes, He will build the temple of the LORD; He will be clothed in splendor and will sit on His throne and rule. And He will be a priest on His throne, and there will be peaceful counsel between the two.’
Here: The visible dignity of royalty, the aura of a king (compare 1 Chronicles 29:25, 'royal majesty' given to Solomon). It marks the Branch as a royal figure.
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Zechariah 10:3 הוֹד֖וֹ majesty his
“My anger burns against the shepherds, and I will punish the leaders. For the LORD of Hosts attends to His flock, the house of Judah; He will make them like His royal steed in battle.
Here: 'The horse of his majesty' means his own glorious, royal mount. It is the splendid steed a king rides into battle, so 'royal steed' is apt.
Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.