Hebrew word · H2108

זוּלָה

zulati

exception

A noun meaning 'removal' or 'exception', used almost only as a preposition: 'except, besides, apart from'. With a suffix: 'except you'.

Appears 16 times in 16 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·

What it means

1) a removal, a putting away

prep

2) except, besides, with the exception of, with removal of

conj

3) except that

Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).

In depth

From the study of Isaiah 64:4

Range of meaning

A noun meaning 'removal' or 'exception', used almost only as a preposition: 'except, besides, apart from'. With a suffix: 'except you'.

Against the English

KJV, BSB, ESV, NIV and WEB keep 'besides you'. NLT's 'a God like you' turns a statement that there is no other god into a statement that there is no god as good.

Used elsewhere in the period

Isa 45:5, 21: 'there is no God besides me' (zulati), part of Isaiah's repeated insistence that YHWH is the only God. Deut 4:35 and 2 Sam 7:22 use related exclusive phrasing. 2 Sam 7:22 joins it to 'all that we have heard with our ears', close to this verse's 'heard / given ear'.

From the study of Isaiah 45:5

Range of meaning

zûlâ is a noun that came to work as a preposition meaning 'except, apart from, besides' (BDB, HALOT). It almost always has a pronoun attached or comes in phrases like 'except you', 'except me'.

Against the English

KJV 'beside me' (= 'besides me' in older English, not 'next to me'); BSB 'but Me'; WEB 'Besides me'; YLT 'Except Me'. YLT and BSB make the exclusion clearest. Modern readers can misread KJV 'beside' as a picture of location.

How it drifted

In KJV-era English 'beside' could still mean 'besides, except'. Today it usually means 'next to'.

Used elsewhere in the period

Used in exclusive confessions: 2 Sam 7:22 / 1 Chr 17:20 ('there is no God besides you'); Isa 26:13 ('other lords besides you have ruled us'); Isa 64:4 (Eng. 64:4, 'no eye has seen a God besides you'); Hos 13:4 ('you know no god but me, and besides me there is no saviour').

From the study of 2 Samuel 7:22

Range of meaning

'Except, apart from, besides'. It is used in sentences that leave only one in a category (Ruth 4:4: 'there is no one besides you to redeem').

Against the English

KJV and WEB say 'beside(s) thee', and BSB and YLT say 'but You' / 'save Thee'. All are accurate. 'Besides' (in addition to) and 'beside' (next to) are easily confused, but both KJV usage and the Hebrew mean 'in addition to / other than'.

Used elsewhere in the period

Hosea 13:4 ('you know no god but me', wēʾlōhîm zûlātî lōʾ tēdāʿ); Isaiah 45:5, 21 ('apart from me there is no god'); Isaiah 64:4 ('no eye has seen a God besides you'); Deuteronomy 4:35, 39 has similar phrasing with other words ('there is no other besides him').

Where it appears

Deuteronomy · 2
  1. Deuteronomy 1:36 זֽוּלָתִ֞י except

    except Caleb son of Jephunneh. He will see it, and I will give him and his descendants the land on which he has set foot, because he followed the LORD wholeheartedly.”

  2. Deuteronomy 4:12 זוּלָתִ֥י except

    And the LORD spoke to you out of the fire. You heard the sound of the words but saw no form; there was only a voice.

    Here: "Apart from, nothing but." It shuts out every other possibility: the only thing the people received was a voice.

Joshua · 1
  1. Joshua 11:13 זוּלָתִ֛י except

    Yet Israel did not burn any of the cities built on their mounds, except Hazor, which Joshua burned.

Ruth · 1
  1. Ruth 4:4 זוּלָֽתְךָ֙ except you

    I thought I should inform you that you may buy it back in the presence of those seated here and in the presence of the elders of my people. If you want to redeem it, do so. But if you will not redeem it, tell me so I may know, because there is no one but you to redeem it, and I am next after you.” “I will redeem it,” he replied.

    Here: Nobody stands ahead of this man in the line of kinsmen. He has first right and first duty.

1 Samuel · 1
  1. 1 Samuel 21:9 זוּלָתָ֖הּ except it

    The priest replied, “The sword of Goliath the Philistine, whom you killed in the Valley of Elah, is here; it is wrapped in a cloth behind the ephod. If you want, you may take it. For there is no other but this one here.” And David said, “There is none like it; give it to me.”

2 Samuel · 1
  1. 2 Samuel 7:22 זֽוּלָתֶ֔ךָ except you

    How great You are, O Lord GOD! For there is none like You, and there is no God but You, according to everything we have heard with our own ears.

    Here: 'Except you', 'besides you'. The same word as in Hosea 13:4 ('you know no god but me') and Isaiah 45:5, 21. It leaves YHWH as the only one in the category.

1 Kings · 2
  1. 1 Kings 3:18 זוּלָתִ֥י except

    On the third day after I gave birth, this woman also had a baby. We were alone, with no one in the house but the two of us.

  2. 1 Kings 12:20 זוּלָתִ֥י except

    When all Israel heard that Jeroboam had returned, they summoned him to the assembly and made him king over all Israel. Only the tribe of Judah followed the house of David.

2 Kings · 1
  1. 2 Kings 24:14 זוּלַ֖ת except

    He carried into exile all Jerusalem—all the commanders and mighty men of valor, all the craftsmen and metalsmiths—ten thousand captives in all. Only the poorest people of the land remained.

    Here: Marks the only exception to the total removal.

1 Chronicles · 1
  1. 1 Chronicles 17:20 זוּלָתֶ֑ךָ except you

    O LORD, there is none like You, and there is no God but You, according to everything we have heard with our own ears.

    Here: "Except you" or "apart from you." It is an exclusive word that marks YHWH as the only member of the category "God". The same word appears in Isaiah's "besides me there is no God" (Isa 45:21).

Psalms · 1
  1. Psalm 18:31 זוּלָתִ֥י except

    For who is God besides the LORD? And who is the Rock except our God?

Isaiah · 4
  1. Isaiah 26:13 זֽוּלָתֶ֑ךָ except you

    O LORD our God, other lords besides You have ruled over us, but Your name alone do we confess.

    Here: Places these masters outside the one legitimate relationship. The word is at home in Israel's sayings about God having no rivals, such as "there is no God besides you" (2 Samuel 7:22), so it gives the complaint a theological edge.

  2. Isaiah 45:5 זוּלָתִ֖י besides me

    I am the LORD, and there is no other; there is no God but Me. I will equip you for battle, though you have not known Me,

    Here: A preposition meaning 'apart from, except', with 'me' attached. The chanting marks attach it to what follows: 'apart from me there is no god.' It leaves no exception: every candidate for godhood is ruled out except the speaker.

  3. Isaiah 45:21 זוּלָתִֽי׃ besides me

    Speak up and present your case—yes, let them take counsel together. Who foretold this long ago? Who announced it from ancient times? Was it not I, the LORD? There is no other God but Me, a righteous God and Savior; there is none but Me.

    Here: 'Except me.' The verse ends on Yahweh himself, which leads into the invitation of 45:22 ('Turn to me and be saved').

  4. Isaiah 64:4 זוּלָ֣תְךָ֔ besides you

    From ancient times no one has heard, no ear has perceived, no eye has seen any God besides You, who acts on behalf of those who wait for Him.

    Here: 'Apart from you, except you'. The word excludes all others: it says no other god does this, not just that none does it as well.

Hosea · 1
  1. Hosea 13:4 זֽוּלָתִי֙ besides me

    Yet I am the LORD your God ever since the land of Egypt; you know no God but Me, for there is no Savior besides Me.

    Here: 'Apart from me'. It marks God as the single exception: there is no other alongside him.

Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.