Hebrew word · H2146
זִכָּרוֹן
zikaron
memorial
A reminder or memorial: something that brings a thing to mind so that it is acted on. Uses include the festival day (Exod 12:14), the engraved stones on the high priest's shoulders "for a reminder" before Yahweh (28:12, 29), written records (17:14), and offerings of remembrance (Num 5:15).
Appears 24 times in 22 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·
What it means
memorial, reminder, remembrance
Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).
In depth
- Range of meaning
A reminder or memorial: something that brings a thing to mind so that it is acted on. Uses include the festival day (Exod 12:14), the engraved stones on the high priest's shoulders "for a reminder" before Yahweh (28:12, 29), written records (17:14), and offerings of remembrance (Num 5:15).
- Against the English
KJV/WEB "memorial" can sound to modern ears like a gravestone or war monument, a marker of something past and gone. BSB/NIV "reminder" is closer. In Hebrew, "remembering" (zakhar) is active: making the past present and responding to it.
- How it drifted
In modern English "memorial" has narrowed toward commemorating the dead or a finished event.
- Used elsewhere in the period
The Septuagint renders it mnēmosynon, the word later used of the woman who anointed Jesus (Mark 14:9). The parallel verse Exodus 13:16 uses the obscure word totafot ("frontlets/headbands") in this slot, as do Deut 6:8 and 11:18. That suggests zikkaron here explains what the forehead mark is for.
From the study of Exodus 12:14
- Range of meaning
A reminder or memorial: an object, act, words or occasion that causes remembering. It comes from zakar, 'to remember,' and in Hebrew that verb goes well beyond mental recall. To 'remember' a covenant, a person or an event is to act on it and be loyal to it. A zikkaron can remind people (Exod 13:9; Josh 4:7, the Jordan stones), and it can stand 'before the LORD' as a reminder to God on Israel's behalf (Exod 28:12, 29, the high priest's engraved stones; Num 10:10, the trumpets). It can also be a written record (Exod 17:14; Mal 3:16, 'a book of remembrance').
- Against the English
KJV, BSB, WEB, YLT and NASB say 'memorial.' ESV says 'a memorial day.' NIV turns it into a verb, 'a day you are to commemorate,' and NLT has 'a day to remember.' Each is acceptable. But modern English 'memorial' leans toward monuments and services for the dead and for completed events, and that is passive and backward-looking. The Hebrew word is active: an appointed means of keeping an event alive and binding in the present.
- How it drifted
English 'memorial' (from Latin memoriale) became attached to funerary and war commemoration, especially after the World Wars. The verbal idea of 'remembering' also narrowed to mental recall.
- Used elsewhere in the period
The Septuagint (the Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible) renders it here as mnēmosynon, 'memorial, reminder.' Elsewhere it uses the related anamnēsis for cultic remembrance (e.g. Lev 24:7; Num 10:10 has anamnēsis). Second Temple and rabbinic Passover practice took the 'reminder' to mean re-living. Mishnah Pesachim 10:5 (c. 200 CE, later but in continuity) says: 'In every generation a person must regard himself as if he himself came out of Egypt.' B. S. Childs, Memory and Tradition in Israel (1962), is the classic study of how Israel's worship 'actualised' past events through remembrance.
From the study of Numbers 10:10
- Range of meaning
A remembrance; a token or object that brings something to mind; a memorial sign. It comes from zākar, "to remember". In Hebrew, remembering is never only a mental act: when God "remembers" someone, he acts on their behalf (Gen 8:1; Exod 2:24).
- Against the English
KJV/WEB "memorial"; BSB "reminder for you"; other versions "reminder of you". "Memorial" now suggests honouring the dead or a past event. "Reminder for you" can sound as if Israel is the one who needs reminding.
- How it drifted
English "memorial" narrowed to commemorating the past and the dead (memorial services, war memorials). The Hebrew word points to a present sign laid before God so that he takes notice.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Exod 28:12, 29: the names on the high priest's shoulder-stones and breastpiece are "for a zikkārôn before the LORD". Exod 30:16: the atonement silver is "a zikkārôn for the Israelites before the LORD". Lev 23:24: the first of the seventh month is a "zikhrôn tərûʿâ", a remembrance of blasting. The Greek Septuagint renders it anamnēsis here (as in Lev 24:7 for the bread of the Presence).
Where it appears
Exodus · 8
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Exodus 12:14 לְזִכָּר֔וֹן <into> a memorial
And this day will be a memorial for you, and you are to celebrate it as a feast to the LORD, as a permanent statute for the generations to come.
Here: 'As a reminder': something that causes remembering and so brings the past event into present action and loyalty. It is not a monument to something finished.
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Exodus 13:9 וּלְזִכָּרוֹן֙ and <into> a reminder
It shall be a sign for you on your hand and a reminder on your forehead that the Law of the LORD is to be on your lips. For with a mighty hand the LORD brought you out of Egypt.
Here: "And for a reminder": a thing that brings something to mind so that it is acted on. Exodus 12:14 used the same word for the Passover day itself. It does not mean a monument to something gone.
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Exodus 17:14 זִכָּרוֹן֙ reminder
Then the LORD said to Moses, “Write this on a scroll as a reminder and recite it to Joshua, because I will utterly blot out the memory of Amalek from under heaven.”
Here: Something that keeps an event present and active in memory. It is not a monument to the dead. It is a record that prompts future generations, and God, to remember. The Passover is also called a zikkaron (Exod 12:14).
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Exodus 28:12 זִכָּרֹ֖ן לְזִכָּרֹֽן׃ ס reminder, to a reminder
Fasten both stones on the shoulder pieces of the ephod as memorial stones for the sons of Israel. Aaron is to bear their names on his two shoulders as a memorial before the LORD.
Here: Something that brings a person or matter to mind so that it is acted on. Here, with 'before the LORD' later in the verse, it means a reminder placed in front of God on Israel's behalf.
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Exodus 28:29 לְזִכָּרֹ֥ן to a memorial
Whenever Aaron enters the Holy Place, he shall bear the names of the sons of Israel over his heart on the breastpiece of judgment, as a continual reminder before the LORD.
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Exodus 30:16 לְזִכָּרוֹן֙ <into> a memorial
Take the atonement money from the Israelites and use it for the service of the Tent of Meeting. It will serve as a memorial for the Israelites before the LORD to make atonement for your lives.”
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Exodus 39:7 זִכָּר֖וֹן remembrance
Then they fastened them on the shoulder pieces of the ephod as memorial stones for the sons of Israel, as the LORD had commanded Moses.
Here: Something that makes a person remember. Here it is a reminder set in front of Yahweh, so that God keeps Israel in mind (see 28:12). It does not commemorate a past event.
Leviticus · 1
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Leviticus 23:24 זִכְר֥וֹן a remembrance of
“Speak to the Israelites and say, ‘On the first day of the seventh month you are to have a day of rest, a sacred assembly announced by trumpet blasts.
Here: 'A remembrance of / by.' A zikkaron brings something or someone to mind, and in worship texts that often means bringing Israel to God's mind (Num 10:10). The verse does not say what event, if any, is being remembered.
Numbers · 5
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Numbers 5:15 זִכָּר֖וֹן remembrance
then he is to bring his wife to the priest. He must also bring for her an offering of a tenth of an ephah of barley flour. He is not to pour oil over it or put frankincense on it, because it is a grain offering for jealousy, an offering of memorial as a reminder of iniquity.
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Numbers 5:18 הַזִּכָּר֔וֹן <the> remembrance
After the priest has the woman stand before the LORD, he is to let down her hair and place in her hands the grain offering of memorial, which is the grain offering for jealousy. The priest is to hold the bitter water that brings a curse.
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Numbers 10:10 לְזִכָּרוֹן֙ <into> a memorial
And on your joyous occasions, your appointed feasts, and the beginning of each month, you are to blow the trumpets over your burnt offerings and peace offerings to serve as a reminder for you before your God. I am the LORD your God.”
Here: "As a remembrance": something that brings a person or matter to mind. It echoes v.9, "you will be remembered before the LORD": the trumpet presents Israel to God's attention.
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Numbers 16:40 זִכָּר֞וֹן a reminder
just as the LORD commanded him through Moses. This was to be a reminder to the Israelites that no outsider who is not a descendant of Aaron should approach to offer incense before the LORD, lest he become like Korah and his followers.
Here: The verse opens with a bare noun and no verb: the bronze plating from v.39 is 'a reminder.' It is an object whose job is to keep something in mind. Here that something is a warning, not an honour paid to the dead.
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Numbers 31:54 זִכָּר֥וֹן a memorial
And Moses and Eleazar the priest received the gold from the commanders of thousands and of hundreds and brought it into the Tent of Meeting as a memorial for the Israelites before the LORD.
Joshua · 1
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Joshua 4:7 לְזִכָּר֛וֹן <into> a reminder
you are to tell them, ‘The waters of the Jordan were cut off before the ark of the covenant of the LORD. When it crossed the Jordan, the waters were cut off.’ Therefore these stones will be a memorial to the Israelites forever.”
Here: An object or act that brings something to mind and keeps it active in people's lives. The same word is used for the Passover (Exod 12:14).
Nehemiah · 1
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Nehemiah 2:20 וְזִכָּר֖וֹן and a memorial
So I answered them and said, “The God of heaven is the One who will grant us success. We, His servants, will start rebuilding, but you have no portion, right, or claim in Jerusalem.”
Here: 'Remembrance': standing in the city's memory, whether in its records, its worship or its ancestry. They have no remembered place in Jerusalem's past and none in its future.
Esther · 1
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Esther 6:1 הַזִּכְרֹנוֹת֙ the reminders
That night sleep escaped the king; so he ordered the Book of Records, the Chronicles, to be brought in and read to him.
Here: Literally 'the remembrances': entries written down so that they would be remembered. The word ties into the book's interest in what gets remembered and what gets forgotten.
Job · 1
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Job 13:12 זִֽ֭כְרֹנֵיכֶם memorials your
Your maxims are proverbs of ashes; your defenses are defenses of clay.
Ecclesiastes · 3
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Ecclesiastes 1:11 זִכְר֖וֹן זִכָּר֔וֹן [is] remembrance, remembrance
There is no remembrance of those who came before, and those yet to come will not be remembered by those who follow after.
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Ecclesiastes 2:16 זִכְר֧וֹן [is] remembrance
For there is no lasting remembrance of the wise, just as with the fool, seeing that both will be forgotten in the days to come. Alas, the wise man will die just like the fool!
Here: Being remembered by later people: a name that lives on in the community's memory after death. It is the same word Qohelet used in 1:11 for the forgotten generations of the past.
Isaiah · 1
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Isaiah 57:8 זִכְרוֹנֵ֑ךְ memorial your
Behind the door and doorpost you have set up your memorial. Forsaking Me, you uncovered your bed; you climbed up and opened it wide. And you have made a pact with those whose bed you have loved; you have gazed upon their nakedness.
Zechariah · 1
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Zechariah 6:14 לְזִכָּר֖וֹן to a memorial
The crown will reside in the temple of the LORD as a memorial to Helem, Tobijah, Jedaiah, and the gracious son of Zephaniah.
Malachi · 1
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Malachi 3:16 זִכָּר֤וֹן remembrance
At that time those who feared the LORD spoke with one another, and the LORD listened and heard them. So a scroll of remembrance was written before Him regarding those who feared the LORD and honored His name.
Here: "Of remembrance": a reminder or memorandum that keeps something before someone's attention so that it gets acted on. It is not a keepsake.
Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.