Hebrew word · H2483

חֳלִי

choli

sickness

Sickness, illness, disease. It is used for named illnesses: Ahaziah's injury (2 Kgs 1:2), Hezekiah's illness (Isa 38:9), Asa's foot disease (2 Chr 16:12). Prophets use it as a picture of a nation's ruined condition (Isa 1:5, 'the whole head is sick').

Appears 24 times in 22 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·

What it means

sickness

Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).

In depth

From the study of Isaiah 53:4

Range of meaning

Sickness, illness, disease. It is used for named illnesses: Ahaziah's injury (2 Kgs 1:2), Hezekiah's illness (Isa 38:9), Asa's foot disease (2 Chr 16:12). It is also used for the diseases God threatens as covenant curses (Deut 28:59–61, 'every sickness and every plague') or promises to remove (Deut 7:15; Exod 15:26 uses the related verb). Prophets use it as a picture of a nation's ruined condition (Isa 1:5, 'the whole head is sick'). Jeremiah uses it for a calamity that has to be endured (Jer 10:19). It sometimes covers a general 'evil' or affliction (Eccl 5:13, 'a sick evil').

Against the English

KJV and ESV have 'griefs', BSB 'infirmities', NIV 'pain', NLT 'weaknesses', WEB and YLT 'sickness(es)'. Only the last group keeps the plain sense of illness.

How it drifted

In 1611 'grief' could still mean physical hurt or disease. Falstaff asks whether honour can 'take away the grief of a wound' (Shakespeare, 1 Henry IV 5.1). That sense has since died out, and 'grief' now means sorrow over loss, so the KJV wording now makes readers think of feelings rather than disease.

Used elsewhere in the period

Matthew 8:17 quotes this line, translating straight from the Hebrew, as 'he took our weaknesses and carried our diseases' (nosous). He applies it to Jesus healing the sick and casting out demons at Capernaum. The Septuagint, by contrast, renders it 'our sins'. Both readings were already in circulation in ancient Judaism.

From the study of Psalm 41:3

Range of meaning

Sickness, disease, illness, sometimes affliction more broadly. It is used of the diseases of Egypt that Yahweh will keep from obedient Israel (Deuteronomy 7:15; 28:61), of kings' illnesses (2 Kings 1:2; 8:8; 13:14), and of the servant "acquainted with sickness" who bears "our sicknesses" (Isaiah 53:3–4).

Against the English

All the major versions render it straightforwardly ("sickness", "illness"). There is no drift here.

Used elsewhere in the period

This is the ordinary Hebrew word for disease. In Deuteronomy it belongs to the covenant blessings and curses, which links illness to the question of whether Israel stands well with God.

From the study of Isaiah 1:5

Range of meaning

Sickness, disease, weakness. It includes the illness that follows wounds: in 2 Kgs 8:29 the wounded King Joram is called "sick."

Against the English

KJV/ESV "sick," NIV "injured," BSB "has a massive wound." NIV and BSB pull it toward the wounds of verse 6. "Sick" is the word's basic sense, and v.6 supplies the wounds separately.

Used elsewhere in the period

It is the word of the covenant curse "every sickness and every plague" (kol choli ve-khol makkah, Deut 28:61; cf. 28:59). Hos 5:13 pairs it with a wound: "Ephraim saw his sickness, and Judah his wound." Later in the same book it returns in Isa 53:3–4: "acquainted with sickness… surely he bore our sicknesses."

Where it appears

Deuteronomy · 3
  1. Deuteronomy 7:15 חֹ֑לִי sickness

    And the LORD will remove from you all sickness. He will not lay upon you any of the terrible diseases you knew in Egypt, but He will inflict them on all who hate you.

    Here: The general word for being ill or weakened. It covers disease, injury and frailty, not one specific condition.

  2. Deuteronomy 28:59 וָחֳלָיִ֥ם and sicknesses

    He will bring upon you and your descendants extraordinary disasters, severe and lasting plagues, and terrible and chronic sicknesses.

  3. Deuteronomy 28:61 חֳלִי֙ sickness

    The LORD will also bring upon you every sickness and plague not recorded in this Book of the Law, until you are destroyed.

1 Kings · 1
  1. 1 Kings 17:17 חָלְיוֹ֙ sickness his

    Later, the son of the woman who owned the house became ill, and his sickness grew worse and worse, until no breath remained in him.

2 Kings · 4
  1. 2 Kings 1:2 מֵחֳלִ֥י from sickness

    Now Ahaziah had fallen through the lattice of his upper room in Samaria and injured himself. So he sent messengers and instructed them: “Go inquire of Baal-zebub, the god of Ekron, whether I will recover from this injury.”

    Here: "From the sickness": the condition caused by the fall. The word covers injury as well as disease.

  2. 2 Kings 8:8 מֵחֳלִ֥י from sickness

    So the king said to Hazael, “Take a gift in your hand, go to meet the man of God, and inquire of the LORD through him, ‘Will I recover from this illness?’”

  3. 2 Kings 8:9 מֵחֳלִ֥י from sickness

    So Hazael went to meet Elisha, taking with him a gift of forty camel loads of every good thing from Damascus. And he went in and stood before him and said, “Your son Ben-hadad king of Aram has sent me to ask, ‘Will I recover from this illness?’”

  4. 2 Kings 13:14 חָלְי֔וֹ sickness his

    When Elisha had fallen sick with the illness from which he would die, Jehoash king of Israel came down to him and wept over him, saying, “My father, my father, the chariots and horsemen of Israel!”

    Here: 'His sickness.' Pairing a verb with a noun from the same root ('sickened a sickness') stresses that this was a real, defining illness, *the* illness, and not a passing one.

2 Chronicles · 6
  1. 2 Chronicles 16:12 חָלְי֑וֹ בְּחָלְיוֹ֙ sickness his, in sickness his

    In the thirty-ninth year of his reign, Asa became diseased in his feet, and his disease became increasingly severe. Yet even in his illness he did not seek the LORD, but only the physicians.

    Here: 'His sickness' was 'up to the heights': the disease became severe. The word is general and does not name a specific illness.

  2. 2 Chronicles 21:15 בָּחֳלָיִ֥ים הַחֹ֔לִי [will be] in sickness<es>, the sickness

    And day after day you yourself will suffer from a severe illness, a disease of your bowels, until it causes your bowels to come out.’”

  3. 2 Chronicles 21:18 לָחֳלִ֖י to a sickness

    After all this, the LORD afflicted Jehoram with an incurable disease of the bowels.

  4. 2 Chronicles 21:19 חָלְי֔וֹ sickness his

    This continued day after day until two full years had passed. Finally, his intestines came out because of his disease, and he died in severe pain. And his people did not make a fire in his honor as they had done for his fathers.

Psalms · 1
  1. Psalm 41:3 בְחָלְיֽוֹ׃ in sickness his

    The LORD will sustain him on his bed of illness and restore him from his bed of sickness.

    Here: "In his sickness": while he is ill. This is the ordinary Hebrew word for disease or illness, and it pairs with the rarer "faintness" in the first line.

Ecclesiastes · 2
  1. Ecclesiastes 5:17 וְחָלְי֥וֹ and sickness his

    Moreover, all his days he eats in darkness, with much sorrow, sickness, and anger.

  2. Ecclesiastes 6:2 וָחֳלִ֥י and [is] an affliction

    God gives a man riches, wealth, and honor, so that he lacks nothing his heart desires; but God does not allow him to enjoy them. Instead, a stranger will enjoy them. This is futile and a grievous affliction.

    Here: "And a sickness": a sickening misfortune, a disease in the way the world works. It does not refer to a medical illness of the man.

Isaiah · 4
  1. Isaiah 1:5 לָחֳלִ֔י [is] for sickness

    Why do you want more beatings? Why do you keep rebelling? Your head has a massive wound, and your whole heart is afflicted.

    Here: "Given over to sickness" or "has become sick." The little prefix "to/for" marks the state the head has fallen into. Choli covers disease and the illness that follows injury. It is the word in the covenant curse "every sickness and every plague" (Deut 28:61).

  2. Isaiah 38:9 מֵחָלְיֽוֹ׃ from sickness his

    This is a writing by Hezekiah king of Judah after his illness and recovery:

  3. Isaiah 53:3 חֹ֑לִי sickness

    He was despised and rejected by men, a man of sorrows, acquainted with grief. Like one from whom men hide their faces, He was despised, and we esteemed Him not.

    Here: The ordinary word for illness and disease, as in the diseases of Egypt (Deut 7:15) or a king's sickness (2 Kgs 1:2). The very next verse uses the same word for 'our infirmities'. It does not mean mourning.

  4. Isaiah 53:4 חֳלָיֵ֙נוּ֙ sicknesses our

    Surely He took up our infirmities and carried our sorrows; yet we considered Him stricken, struck down by God, and afflicted.

    Here: 'Our sicknesses.' This is the ordinary Hebrew word for illness. It comes first in the sentence for emphasis: it was OUR sicknesses. It picks up verse 3, where the servant is 'acquainted with sickness'.

Jeremiah · 2
  1. Jeremiah 6:7 חֳלִ֥י sickness

    As a well gushes its water, so she pours out her evil. Violence and destruction resound in her; sickness and wounds are ever before Me.

  2. Jeremiah 10:19 חֳלִ֖י [is] a sickness

    Woe to me because of my brokenness; my wound is grievous! But I said, “This is truly my sickness, and I must bear it.”

Hosea · 1
  1. Hosea 5:13 חָלְי֗וֹ sickness his

    When Ephraim saw his sickness and Judah his wound, then Ephraim turned to Assyria and sent to the great king. But he cannot cure you or heal your wound.

    Here: An illness or disease that weakens the body. Here it is a picture of the nation's decline: political chaos, military pressure, loss of territory.

Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.