Hebrew word · H2671

חֵץ

chetz

arrow

Arrow. Used literally in warfare and hunting, and as a picture of sudden, far-reaching judgment: God's "arrows" are plague, famine and calamity (Deut 32:23, 42; Ps 38:2). It also stands for harmful words (Jer 9:8: "their tongue is a deadly arrow").

Appears 53 times in 50 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·

What it means

arrow

Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).

In depth

From the study of Isaiah 49:2

Range of meaning

Arrow. Used literally in warfare and hunting, and as a picture of sudden, far-reaching judgment: God's "arrows" are plague, famine and calamity (Deut 32:23, 42; Ps 38:2). It also stands for harmful words (Jer 9:8: "their tongue is a deadly arrow").

Against the English

KJV and WEB have "shaft." In 1611 that was a normal word for an arrow, but today it suggests a pole, a handle or a mine shaft. Other versions have "arrow."

How it drifted

"Shaft" meaning a whole arrow has dropped out of everyday English.

Used elsewhere in the period

Ancient Near Eastern royal art and texts often show a god handing the king his bow and arrows. Assyrian reliefs show the god Ashur in a winged disc drawing a bow over the king. Psalm 127:4 pictures sons as "arrows in the hand of a warrior." In Isaiah 40–55, Cyrus defeats the nations "like driven stubble with his bow" (41:2).

From the study of Job 6:4

Range of meaning

A literal arrow. In poetry it also stands for sudden disaster, disease, plague, lightning, or a lying tongue. When a god shoots the arrows, they mean affliction sent from above.

Against the English

English 'arrows' is accurate. The image it brings to mind can be too narrow, though: a modern reader sees a battlefield wound, while an ancient hearer would also think of fever, plague and disease.

Used elsewhere in the period

Deuteronomy 32:23–24: 'I will spend my arrows on them… wasted by hunger, devoured by plague (rešep)', next to 'the venom (ḥămat) of things that crawl in the dust'. Psalm 38:2: 'your arrows have sunk into me', said by a sick man. Psalm 91:5: 'the arrow that flies by day' runs parallel to pestilence. Lamentations 3:12–13 and Job 16:12–13 ('his archers surround me'). Across the ancient Near East, plague gods were archers. The Canaanite Resheph is called 'Resheph of the arrow' in Phoenician inscriptions, and Apollo's arrows bring plague in Iliad 1. (Dictionary of Deities and Demons, 'Resheph')

From the study of Psalm 38:2

Range of meaning

A literal arrow, used in hunting and war. In poetry it is often a figure for: (1) God's punishments, especially plague and disease (Deut 32:23; Job 6:4; Lam 3:12–13; Ezek 5:16); (2) lightning, as God's arrows in a storm (Ps 18:14; 77:17; Hab 3:11); (3) harmful words, as the tongue's arrows (Ps 64:3; Jer 9:8; Prov 25:18).

Against the English

All English versions say 'arrows', which is accurate. Since Psalm 64 and Jeremiah 9 use arrows for slander, a modern reader may hear 'words that wounded me'. Here, though, the arrows are God's, and the next verses describe a sick body, so disease is the natural reading.

Used elsewhere in the period

Deut 32:23–24 sets God's 'arrows' next to 'burning plague' (reshef). Resheph was a Canaanite plague god, and Phoenician inscriptions from Cyprus call him 'Resheph of the arrow'. Job 6:4 is the closest parallel: 'the arrows of the Almighty are in me; my spirit drinks their poison'. Outside Israel, Apollo's arrows bring plague on the Greek camp in Iliad book 1. Across the ancient Mediterranean world, arrows were a standard picture of disease sent from heaven.

Where it appears

Genesis · 1
  1. Genesis 49:23 חִצִּֽים׃ arrows

    The archers attacked him with bitterness; they aimed at him in hostility.

Numbers · 1
  1. Numbers 24:8 וְחִצָּ֥יו and arrows its

    God brought him out of Egypt with strength like a wild ox, to devour hostile nations and crush their bones, to pierce them with arrows.

    Here: 'His arrows' are Israel's weapons. The picture moves from beast to warrior. Some scholars emend the word to 'their loins' (see the variants).

Deuteronomy · 2
  1. Deuteronomy 32:23 חִצַּ֖י arrows my

    I will heap disasters upon them; I will spend My arrows against them.

    Here: "My arrows." God is pictured as a warrior-archer, and his arrows are the plagues named in the next verse. It is the old image of the divine archer who shoots sickness and death.

  2. Deuteronomy 32:42 חִצַּי֙ arrows my

    I will make My arrows drunk with blood, while My sword devours flesh—the blood of the slain and captives, the heads of the enemy leaders.”

1 Samuel · 6
  1. 1 Samuel 20:20 הַחִצִּ֖ים the arrows

    I will shoot three arrows to the side of it, as if I were aiming at a target.

  2. 1 Samuel 20:21 הַחִצִּ֑ים הַחִצִּ֣ים׀ the arrows

    Then I will send a boy and say, ‘Go, find the arrows!’ Now, if I expressly say to him, ‘Look, the arrows are on this side of you; bring them,’ then come, because as surely as the LORD lives, it is safe for you, and there is no danger.

    Here: 'The arrows': the three arrows of v. 20, shot as if at a target. Where they land will carry the secret message.

  3. 1 Samuel 20:22 הַחִצִּ֖ים the arrows

    But if I say to the young man, ‘Look, the arrows are beyond you,’ then you must go, for the LORD has sent you away.

  4. 1 Samuel 20:36 הַ֣חִצִּ֔ים the arrows

    He said to the boy, “Run and find the arrows I shoot.” And as the boy ran, Jonathan shot an arrow beyond him.

  5. 1 Samuel 20:38 הַ֣חִצִּ֔ים the arrows

    Then Jonathan cried out, “Hurry! Make haste! Do not delay!” So the boy picked up the arrow and returned to his master.

2 Samuel · 1
  1. 2 Samuel 22:15 חִצִּ֖ים arrows

    He shot His arrows and scattered the foes; He hurled lightning and routed them.

2 Kings · 6
  1. 2 Kings 13:15 וְחִצִּ֑ים וְחִצִּֽים׃ and arrows

    Elisha told him, “Take a bow and some arrows.” So Jehoash took a bow and some arrows.

  2. 2 Kings 13:17 חֵץ־ וְחֵ֣ץ an arrow of, and an arrow of

    “Open the east window,” said Elisha. So he opened it and Elisha said, “Shoot!” So he shot. And Elisha declared: “This is the LORD’s arrow of victory, the arrow of victory over Aram, for you shall strike the Arameans in Aphek until you have put an end to them.”

  3. 2 Kings 13:18 הַחִצִּ֖ים the arrows

    Then Elisha said, “Take the arrows!” So he took them, and Elisha said to the king of Israel, “Strike the ground!” So he struck the ground three times and stopped.

  4. 2 Kings 19:32 חֵ֑ץ an arrow

    So this is what the LORD says about the king of Assyria: ‘He will not enter this city or shoot an arrow into it. He will not come before it with a shield or build up a siege ramp against it.

1 Chronicles · 1
  1. 1 Chronicles 12:2 וּבַחִצִּ֖ים and with <the> arrows

    they were archers using both the right and left hands to sling stones and shoot arrows; and they were Saul’s kinsmen from Benjamin):

2 Chronicles · 1
  1. 2 Chronicles 26:15 בַּֽחִצִּ֔ים with <the> arrows

    And in Jerusalem he made skillfully designed devices to shoot arrows and catapult large stones from the towers and corners. So his fame spread far and wide, for he was helped tremendously until he became powerful.

Job · 2
  1. Job 6:4 חִצֵּ֪י [the] arrows of

    For the arrows of the Almighty have pierced me; my spirit drinks in their poison; the terrors of God are arrayed against me.

    Here: 'The arrows of', in a possessive form. Pictures God as an archer who has shot Job. Arrows are a stock Hebrew image for sickness and sudden disaster sent by a god.

  2. Job 34:6 חִצִּ֣י arrow my

    Would I lie about my case? My wound is incurable, though I am without transgression.’

Psalms · 14
  1. Psalm 7:13 חִ֝צָּ֗יו arrows his

    He has prepared His deadly weapons; He ordains His arrows with fire.

  2. Psalm 11:2 חִצָּ֣ם arrow their

    For behold, the wicked bend their bows. They set their arrow on the string to shoot from the shadows at the upright in heart.

  3. Psalm 18:14 חִ֭צָּיו arrows his

    He shot His arrows and scattered the foes; He hurled lightning and routed them.

    Here: 'His arrows.' The poem pictures God as an archer. In the storm imagery these arrows are the lightning bolts themselves, so the second half of the line names them openly.

  4. Psalm 38:2 חִ֭צֶּיךָ arrows your

    For Your arrows have pierced me deeply, and Your hand has pressed down on me.

    Here: 'Your arrows', plural. God is pictured as an archer. In this psalm of bodily illness (vv. 3–8) the arrows stand for the sickness itself, a familiar way of picturing disease sent by a god.

  5. Psalm 45:5 חִצֶּ֗יךָ arrows your

    Your arrows pierce the hearts of the king’s foes; the nations fall beneath your feet.

    Here: The king's own war arrows, shot from a bow, most likely from a chariot (v. 4 "ride"). The verse opens on the weapon and leaves the target for the end.

  6. Psalm 57:4 וְחִצִּ֑ים and arrows

    My soul is among the lions; I lie down with ravenous beasts—with men whose teeth are spears and arrows, whose tongues are sharp swords.

    Here: Weapons that strike from a distance. Together with the spear, the enemies can hurt him both up close and from afar.

  7. Psalm 58:7 חִ֝צָּ֗יו arrows his

    May they vanish like water that runs off; when they draw the bow, may their arrows be blunted.

  8. Psalm 64:3 חִ֝צָּ֗ם arrow their

    who sharpen their tongues like swords and aim their bitter words like arrows,

    Here: "Their arrow." This is a weapon that strikes from a distance and from hiding, which leads straight into verse 4: "shooting from hiding places."

  9. Psalm 64:7 חֵ֥ץ an arrow

    But God will shoot them with arrows; suddenly they will be wounded.

    Here: 'An arrow', singular. It is added loosely after the verb ('shot them, an arrow') as the thing shot. It answers 'their arrow' (ḥiṣṣām) in verse 3, where the enemies aim bitter words like arrows. One arrow from God is enough.

  10. Psalm 77:17 חֲ֝צָצֶ֗יךָ arrows your

    The clouds poured down water; the skies resounded with thunder; Your arrows flashed back and forth.

  11. Psalm 91:5 מֵ֝חֵ֗ץ from an arrow

    You will not fear the terror of the night, nor the arrow that flies by day,

    Here: Again 'from' plus noun: '[nor] from an arrow.' There is no 'and/nor' in Hebrew; the two lines stand side by side. The arrow is a real battle weapon, and it was also a common ancient picture of sudden sickness or death sent from above (see the studies below).

  12. Psalm 120:4 חִצֵּ֣י arrows of

    Sharp arrows will come from the warrior, with burning coals of the broom tree!

    Here: "Arrows of": plural and bound to the next word, so they belong to a warrior. Arrows hit from a distance and without warning, which made them a standard Hebrew picture for slander (Ps 64:3–4; Jer 9:8). They are also a picture of God's judgment (Ps 7:13; 64:7).

  13. Psalm 127:4 כְּחִצִּ֥ים like arrows

    Like arrows in the hand of a warrior, so are children born in one’s youth.

  14. Psalm 144:6 חִ֝צֶּ֗יךָ arrows your

    Flash forth Your lightning and scatter them; shoot Your arrows and rout them.

Proverbs · 3
  1. Proverbs 7:23 חֵ֡ץ an arrow

    until an arrow pierces his liver, like a bird darting into a snare—not knowing it will cost him his life.

  2. Proverbs 25:18 וְחֵ֣ץ and an arrow

    Like a club or sword or sharp arrow is a man who bears false witness against his neighbor.

  3. Proverbs 26:18 חִצִּ֥ים arrows

    Like a madman shooting firebrands and deadly arrows,

    Here: Ordinary war arrows. They hit from a distance, and once they leave the bow they cannot be called back.

Isaiah · 4
  1. Isaiah 5:28 חִצָּיו֙ arrows its

    Their arrows are sharpened, and all their bows are strung. The hooves of their horses are like flint; their chariot wheels are like a whirlwind.

  2. Isaiah 7:24 בַּחִצִּ֥ים with <the> arrows

    Men will go there with bow and arrow, for the land will be covered with briers and thorns.

  3. Isaiah 37:33 חֵ֑ץ an arrow

    So this is what the LORD says about the king of Assyria: ‘He will not enter this city or shoot an arrow into it. He will not come before it with a shield or build up a siege ramp against it.

    Here: A single arrow. The singular sharpens the point: not even one arrow.

  4. Isaiah 49:2 לְחֵ֣ץ <into> an arrow

    He made My mouth like a sharp sword; He hid Me in the shadow of His hand. He made Me like a polished arrow; He hid Me in His quiver.

    Here: "Into an arrow." A weapon that strikes at a distance. That fits a servant whose message must reach the "islands" and "distant peoples" named in v.1.

Jeremiah · 4
  1. Jeremiah 9:8 חֵ֥ץ [is] an arrow

    Their tongues are deadly arrows; they speak deception. With his mouth a man speaks peace to his neighbor, but in his heart he sets a trap for him.

    Here: A war and hunting arrow. It continues the image from verse 3 (Hebrew 9:2), where they 'bend their tongue like a bow'. The bow is drawn there, and here the arrow flies.

  2. Jeremiah 50:9 חִצָּיו֙ arrows its

    For behold, I stir up and bring against Babylon an assembly of great nations from the land of the north. They will line up against her; from the north she will be captured. Their arrows will be like skilled warriors who do not return empty-handed.

    Here: 'His arrows.' 'His' refers back to the 'assembly' (a masculine noun) or to the army pictured as one fighter. The archers' volleys stand for the whole attack.

  3. Jeremiah 50:14 חֵ֑ץ an arrow

    Line up in formation around Babylon, all you who draw the bow! Shoot at her! Spare no arrows! For she has sinned against the LORD.

    Here: Singular but collective: 'arrow' in the sense of 'any arrow, your arrows'.

  4. Jeremiah 51:11 הַחִצִּים֮ the arrows

    Sharpen the arrows! Fill the quivers! The LORD has aroused the spirit of the kings of the Medes, because His plan is aimed at Babylon to destroy her, for it is the vengeance of the LORD—vengeance for His temple.

    Here: 'The arrows.' The article points to the archers' own arrows. Bowmen were famous in the Median and Persian armies, which fits the people named next.

Lamentations · 1
  1. Lamentations 3:12 לַחֵֽץ׃ ס for <the> arrow

    He bent His bow and set me as the target for His arrow.

Ezekiel · 4
  1. Ezekiel 5:16 חִצֵּי֩ [the] arrows of

    When I shower you with the deadly arrows of famine and destruction that I will send to destroy you, I will intensify the famine against you and cut off your supply of food.

  2. Ezekiel 21:21 בַּֽחִצִּים֙ <in> the arrows

    For the king of Babylon stands at the fork in the road, at the junction of the two roads, to seek an omen: He shakes the arrows, he consults the idols, he examines the liver.

  3. Ezekiel 39:3 וְחִצֶּ֕יךָ and arrows your

    Then I will strike the bow from your left hand and dash down the arrows from your right hand.

  4. Ezekiel 39:9 וּבְחִצִּ֔ים and with arrows

    Then those who dwell in the cities of Israel will go out, kindle fires, and burn up the weapons—the bucklers and shields, the bows and arrows, the clubs and spears. For seven years they will use them for fuel.

Habakkuk · 1
  1. Habakkuk 3:11 חִצֶּ֙יךָ֙ arrows your

    Sun and moon stood still in their places at the flash of Your flying arrows, at the brightness of Your shining spear.

    Here: "Your arrows." These are God's weapons as divine warrior, meaning the lightning bolts of the storm (compare Psalm 18:14; 77:17; 144:6). The 'you' is YHWH, Israel's God, addressed directly.

Zechariah · 1
  1. Zechariah 9:14 חִצּ֑וֹ arrow his

    Then the LORD will appear over them, and His arrow will go forth like lightning. The Lord GOD will sound the ram’s horn and advance in the whirlwinds of the south.

    Here: The arrow belongs to God. It finishes the archery picture from verse 13, where Judah is the bent bow and Ephraim is what the bow is loaded with. The singular can stand for a whole volley.

Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.