Hebrew word · H4726
מָקוֹר
mekor
fountain
A spring or fountain: a place where water rises from the ground and flows, in contrast to a בּוֹר (bôr, cistern), which only holds collected rainwater (Jer 2:13).
Appears 18 times in 17 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·
What it means
1) spring, fountain
1a) spring
1a1) of source of life, joy, purification (fig.)
1b) of the eye (fig.)
1c) source (of menstruous blood)
1d) flow (of blood after child birth)
Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).
In depth
From the study of Proverbs 5:18
- Range of meaning
A spring or fountain: a place where water rises from the ground and flows, in contrast to a בּוֹר (bôr, cistern), which only holds collected rainwater (Jer 2:13). Figuratively it means a source: the 'fountain of life' (Ps 36:9; Prov 10:11; 13:14; 14:27), the source of tears (Jer 9:1), and in the purity laws the source of a woman's bleeding (Lev 12:7; 20:18). Proverbs and the Song of Songs both use water sources as images of sexual life (Song 4:12, 15: 'a spring sealed… a well of living water').
- Against the English
KJV, ESV and BSB use 'fountain'. A modern English speaker may picture a decorative fountain in a square, which is the opposite of private. WEB's 'spring' is closer: a living source in the ground that belongs to the owner of the land.
- How it drifted
In modern English 'fountain' mostly means an ornamental, man-made public feature. The older sense of 'fountain' as 'natural spring, source' has faded.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Throughout the Hebrew Bible; translated πηγή ('spring, source') in the Septuagint. The image belongs to a series in Prov 5:15–18: cistern (bôr), well (bəʾēr), springs (maʿyānôt), streams (palgê-mayim), and finally your māqôr.
From the study of Proverbs 18:4
- Range of meaning
Spring, fountain, source of water. Figuratively, a source of life, of blood (Leviticus 12:7; 20:18), of descendants. Likely related to a verb meaning 'to dig'.
- Against the English
'Fountain' (BSB, ESV, WEB, YLT) and 'wellspring' (KJV) are both fine. Today 'fountain' can suggest a decorative feature, but the Hebrew means a natural spring.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Proverbs 10:11 ('the mouth of the righteous is a fountain of life'); 13:14 ('the teaching of the wise is a fountain of life'); 14:27; 16:22; Psalm 36:9 ('with you is the fountain of life'); Jeremiah 2:13; 17:13 (the LORD as 'the fountain of living waters'). The Septuagint here renders pēgē zōēs, 'fountain of life', bringing in the familiar Proverbs phrase.
From the study of Proverbs 13:14
- Range of meaning
Spring, fountain or source, probably from a root meaning "to dig." It is a source of flowing water (Jer 2:13; 17:13, "fountain of living water"). By extension it is any source of flow: of blood (Lev 12:7; 20:18) or, as a picture of a wife, of a man's joy and offspring (Prov 5:18).
- Against the English
"Fountain" (BSB, KJV, YLT, NIV, ESV, NASB) can call up a decorative fountain in a park. "Spring" (WEB) is closer: a natural, flowing source in the ground that does not run dry.
- How it drifted
In older English "fountain" meant a natural spring. Modern usage leans toward built, ornamental fountains, so the picture of a life-or-death water source fades.
- Used elsewhere in the period
"Fountain of life" (mĕqôr ḥayyîm) appears in Prov 10:11 (the mouth of the righteous), 13:14, 14:27 (the fear of the LORD), 16:22 (understanding), and Ps 36:9 ("with you is the fountain of life"). Jer 2:13 contrasts God as "the fountain of living waters" with cracked cisterns that hold no water.
Where it appears
Leviticus · 3
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Leviticus 12:7 מִמְּקֹ֣ר from [the] spring of
And the priest will present them before the LORD and make atonement for her; and she shall be ceremonially cleansed from her flow of blood. This is the law for a woman giving birth, whether to a male or to a female.
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Leviticus 20:18 מְקֹרָ֣הּ מְק֣וֹר spring her, [the] spring of
If a man lies with a menstruating woman and has sexual relations with her, he has exposed the source of her flow, and she has uncovered the source of her blood. Both of them must be cut off from among their people.
Psalms · 2
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Psalm 36:9 מְק֣וֹר a fountain of
For with You is the fountain of life; in Your light we see light.
Here: A natural spring welling up out of the ground, a source that keeps flowing by itself. It is linked to the next word, so it means "the spring of life", the place where life itself comes from.
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Psalm 68:26 מִמְּק֥וֹר from [the] fountain of
Bless God in the great congregation; bless the LORD from the fountain of Israel.
Proverbs · 7
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Proverbs 5:18 מְקוֹרְךָ֥ spring your
May your fountain be blessed, and may you rejoice in the wife of your youth:
Here: 'Your spring': a natural source of running water, the opposite of the stored water in a cistern. Here it is a picture of sexual life and the source of offspring. The parallel line points mainly to the wife, though the image may also take in the man's own procreative power.
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Proverbs 10:11 מְק֣וֹר [is] a fountain of
The mouth of the righteous is a fountain of life, but the mouth of the wicked conceals violence.
Here: A spring or source that flows by itself, not a stored cistern. It comes first in the Hebrew for emphasis: "A spring of life, that is what the righteous person's mouth is."
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Proverbs 13:14 מְק֣וֹר [is] a fountain of
The teaching of the wise is a fountain of life, turning one from the snares of death.
Here: A spring of water that flows on its own, the source from which water keeps coming. This form means "spring of." It pictures the teaching as an ongoing supply, not a single dose.
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Proverbs 14:27 מְק֣וֹר [is] a fountain of
The fear of the LORD is a fountain of life, turning a man from the snares of death.
Here: A natural spring that flows up from the ground, as opposed to a cistern that only holds water collected from rain. The fear of the LORD is pictured as something that keeps producing life by itself.
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Proverbs 16:22 מְק֣וֹר [is] a fountain of
Understanding is a fountain of life to its possessor, but the discipline of fools is folly.
Here: A spring that flows up out of the ground on its own, as opposed to a cistern that only holds collected rain. It opens the verse: before we learn what the subject is, we hear 'a spring of…'.
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Proverbs 18:4 מְק֣וֹר a fountain of
The words of a man’s mouth are deep waters; the fountain of wisdom is a bubbling brook.
Here: A spring where water rises up by itself, as opposed to a cistern or a deep well. Proverbs uses the image for life-giving speech and teaching ('fountain of life', 10:11; 13:14).
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Proverbs 25:26 וּמָק֣וֹר and a fountain
Like a muddied spring or a polluted well is a righteous man who gives way to the wicked.
Jeremiah · 4
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Jeremiah 2:13 מְק֣וֹר׀ a spring of
“For My people have committed two evils: They have forsaken Me, the fountain of living water, and they have dug their own cisterns—broken cisterns that cannot hold water.
Here: A natural spring, the place where water wells up out of the ground by itself. It stands in apposition to 'me': God is the spring.
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Jeremiah 9:1 מְק֣וֹר [was] a fountain of
Oh, that my head were a spring of water, and my eyes a fountain of tears! I would weep day and night over the slain daughter of my people.
Here: 'A source of', meaning a spring that flows on its own and keeps flowing. In Jeremiah this is the word for God himself as 'the fountain of living waters' (2:13; 17:13).
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Jeremiah 17:13 מְק֥וֹר [the] spring of
O LORD, the hope of Israel, all who abandon You will be put to shame. All who turn away will be written in the dust, for they have abandoned the LORD, the fountain of living water.
Here: A source that rises from the ground by itself, unlike a cistern people dig. It pairs with miqveh ('pool') at the start of the verse.
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Jeremiah 51:36 מְקוֹרָֽהּ׃ spring its
Therefore this is what the LORD says: “Behold, I will plead your case and take vengeance on your behalf; I will dry up her sea and make her springs run dry.
Here: 'Her spring' or 'her source': where water rises, and so where life comes from. God will cut off Babylon's water at its source, not only on the surface. In Jeremiah, God himself is 'the fountain of living waters' (2:13; 17:13).
Hosea · 1
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Hosea 13:15 מְקוֹרוֹ֙ spring his
Although he flourishes among his brothers, an east wind will come—a wind from the LORD rising up from the desert. His fountain will fail, and his spring will run dry. The wind will plunder his treasury of every precious article.
Here: 'His source.' The word is used for springs of water, for Yahweh as 'the fountain of living waters' (Jeremiah 2:13), and for the source of blood or fertility in the body (Leviticus 12:7). So it is the wellspring of Ephraim's life.
Zechariah · 1
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Zechariah 13:1 מָק֣וֹר a fountain
“On that day a fountain will be opened to the house of David and the people of Jerusalem, to cleanse them from sin and impurity.
Here: A natural spring: water welling up from the ground, an ongoing source rather than a container. Elsewhere God himself is called 'the spring of living water' (Jeremiah 2:13).
Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.