Hebrew word · H5071
נְדָבָה
nedavah
voluntariness
Voluntariness, spontaneity: something done of one's own free will (Exod 35:29; Ps 54:6). 2) A freewill offering, a sacrifice beyond what was required (Lev 7:16; 22:18–23; Deut 12:6, 17). 3) Abundance or generosity, as in Ps 68:9, 'a generous rain' (geshem nedavot).
Appears 26 times in 25 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·
What it means
1) voluntariness, free-will offering
1a) voluntariness
1b) freewill, voluntary, offering
Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).
In depth
- Range of meaning
- Voluntariness, spontaneity: something done of one's own free will (Exod 35:29; Ps 54:6). 2) A freewill offering, a sacrifice beyond what was required (Lev 7:16; 22:18–23; Deut 12:6, 17). 3) Abundance or generosity, as in Ps 68:9, 'a generous rain' (geshem nedavot). Here it is used as an adverb: 'freely, voluntarily, generously.'
- Against the English
'Freely' (KJV, BSB, ESV, NIV, NASB, WEB) is right, but modern readers may hear 'free of charge' or 'without limit.' The Hebrew stresses that the love comes from God's own will, without compulsion or prompting, like an offering no one demanded. The idea of overflowing generosity is a secondary shade.
- How it drifted
'Freely' in older English ('freely ye have received,' KJV) meant both 'of one's own will' and 'without payment.' Today it leans toward 'without cost' or 'without restraint.'
- Used elsewhere in the period
Freewill offerings: Lev 7:16; 22:23; Num 15:3; Deut 16:10; Ezra 1:4; 3:5. Spontaneity: Ps 54:6 ('with a freewill offering I will sacrifice to you'). Generosity: Ps 68:9. The Septuagint renders it homologōs, 'openly, avowedly.' The Vulgate has spontanee, 'of one's own accord.'
From the study of Leviticus 22:18
- Range of meaning
From the root n-d-b, 'to be willing, to give freely, to be moved to give'. It refers to willingness itself (Ps 110:3; Hos 14:4, 'freely') and to a gift given of one's own accord. Compare the generous giving for the tabernacle (Exod 35:29; 36:3).
- Against the English
'Freewill offering' (KJV, BSB, WEB, ESV) is accurate. YLT's 'willing offerings' brings out the root. The Hebrew stresses the giver's inner willingness, not just that the gift was optional.
- Used elsewhere in the period
The same pair, vow and freewill offering, appears in Lev 7:16; Num 15:3; 29:39; Deut 12:6, 17. The Septuagint translates nədābâ with words like hekousios, 'voluntary'. At Qumran and in later Hebrew the root is used for voluntary devotion.
From the study of Exodus 35:29
- Range of meaning
(1) A voluntary gift, given spontaneously and beyond duty. (2) A technical term in the sacrificial laws for a 'freewill offering', a kind of sacrifice brought without a vow or obligation (Lev 7:16; 22:18–23; Num 15:3; Deut 12:6). (3) Used as an adverb: 'freely, willingly' (Hos 14:4, 'I will love them freely').
- Against the English
'Freewill offering' (BSB, WEB) and 'willing offering' (KJV) are accurate. 'Freewill' here has nothing to do with the philosophical debate over free will. It simply means 'not required'.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Exod 35:29; 36:3 (the people kept bringing nedavah every morning); Lev 7:16; 22:18–23; Deut 16:10 ('a freewill offering of your hand' at the Feast of Weeks); Ezra 1:4; 3:5; 8:28; Ps 110:3 ('your people are willing-offerings').
Where it appears
Exodus · 2
-
Exodus 35:29 נְדָבָ֖ה a freewill offering
So all the men and women of the Israelites whose hearts prompted them brought a freewill offering to the LORD for all the work that the LORD through Moses had commanded them to do.
Here: 'A willing-gift': something given beyond any obligation. Here it means a contribution of materials. Elsewhere it names a specific kind of voluntary sacrifice. It repeats the root of nadav, so the gift is literally 'a willing-thing' from a 'willing' heart.
-
Exodus 36:3 נְדָבָ֖ה a freewill offering
They received from Moses all the contributions that the Israelites had brought to carry out the service of constructing the sanctuary. Meanwhile, the people continued to bring freewill offerings morning after morning,
Leviticus · 5
-
Leviticus 7:16 נְדָבָ֗ה a freewill offering
If, however, the sacrifice he offers is a vow or a freewill offering, it shall be eaten on the day he presents his sacrifice, but the remainder may be eaten on the next day.
-
Leviticus 22:18 נִדְבוֹתָ֔ם freewill offerings their
“Speak to Aaron and his sons and all the Israelites and tell them, ‘Any man of the house of Israel or any foreign resident who presents a gift for a burnt offering to the LORD, whether to fulfill a vow or as a freewill offering,
Here: Gifts nobody required, given because the giver's heart moved him to give. They are set beside vow offerings: one is promised in advance, the other is purely spontaneous.
-
Leviticus 22:21 לִנְדָבָ֔ה to a freewill offering
When a man presents a peace offering to the LORD from the herd or flock to fulfill a vow or as a freewill offering, it must be without blemish or defect to be acceptable.
-
Leviticus 22:23 נְדָבָה֙ a freewill offering
You may present as a freewill offering an ox or sheep that has a deformed or stunted limb, but it is not acceptable in fulfillment of a vow.
-
Leviticus 23:38 נִדְב֣וֹתֵיכֶ֔ם freewill offerings your
These offerings are in addition to the offerings for the LORD’s Sabbaths, and in addition to your gifts, to all your vow offerings, and to all the freewill offerings you give to the LORD.
Numbers · 2
-
Numbers 15:3 בִנְדָבָ֔ה <in> a freewill offering
and you present a food offering to the LORD from the herd or flock to produce a pleasing aroma to the LORD—either a burnt offering or a sacrifice, for a special vow or freewill offering or appointed feast—
Here: An offering given purely of one's own wish, with no prior obligation. It is set beside the vow: one is owed, the other is spontaneous.
-
Numbers 29:39 וְנִדְבֹתֵיכֶ֗ם and freewill offerings your
You are to present these offerings to the LORD at your appointed times, in addition to your vow and freewill offerings, whether burnt offerings, grain offerings, drink offerings, or peace offerings.”
Deuteronomy · 4
-
Deuteronomy 12:6 וְנִדְבֹ֣תֵיכֶ֔ם and freewill offerings your
To that place you are to bring your burnt offerings and sacrifices, your tithes and heave offerings, your vow offerings and freewill offerings, as well as the firstborn of your herds and flocks.
Here: 'And your freewill gifts': offerings given from a willing heart, owed under no obligation and promised in no vow. Placed next to the vow offerings, the pair covers gifts that were promised and gifts that were spontaneous.
-
Deuteronomy 12:17 וְנִדְבֹתֶ֖יךָ and freewill offerings your
Within your gates you must not eat the tithe of your grain or new wine or oil, the firstborn of your herds or flocks, any of the offerings that you have vowed to give, or your freewill offerings or special gifts.
-
Deuteronomy 16:10 נִדְבַ֥ת a freewill offering of
And you shall celebrate the Feast of Weeks to the LORD your God with a freewill offering that you give in proportion to how the LORD your God has blessed you,
-
Deuteronomy 23:23 נְדָבָ֔ה voluntariness
Be careful to follow through on what comes from your lips, because you have freely vowed to the LORD your God with your own mouth.
2 Chronicles · 2
-
2 Chronicles 31:14 נִדְב֣וֹת [the] freewill offerings of
Kore son of Imnah the Levite, the keeper of the East Gate, was in charge of the freewill offerings given to God, distributing the contributions to the LORD and the consecrated gifts.
-
2 Chronicles 35:8 לִנְדָבָ֥ה to a freewill offering
His officials also contributed willingly to the people and priests and Levites. Hilkiah, Zechariah, and Jehiel, the chief officials of the house of God, gave the priests 2,600 Passover offerings and 300 bulls.
Ezra · 3
-
Ezra 1:4 הַ֨נְּדָבָ֔ה the freewill offering
And let every survivor, wherever he lives, be assisted by the men of that region with silver, gold, goods, and livestock, along with a freewill offering for the house of God in Jerusalem.’”
-
Ezra 3:5 נְדָבָ֖ה a freewill offering
After that, they presented the regular burnt offerings and those for New Moons and for all the appointed sacred feasts of the LORD, as well as all the freewill offerings brought to the LORD.
-
Ezra 8:28 נְדָבָ֔ה [are] a freewill offering
Then I told them, “You are holy to the LORD, and these articles are holy. The silver and gold are a freewill offering to the LORD, the God of your fathers.
Psalms · 4
-
Psalm 54:6 בִּנְדָבָ֥ה in voluntariness
Freely I will sacrifice to You; I will praise Your name, O LORD, for it is good.
Here: The preposition 'with/in' plus nedavah. It means either 'with a freewill offering' (a recognized type of sacrifice that no law or vow required) or, used as an adverb, 'willingly, freely.' Either way the stress falls on the gift being unforced.
-
Psalm 68:9 נְ֭דָבוֹת voluntariness<es>
You sent abundant rain, O God; You refreshed Your weary inheritance.
-
Psalm 110:3 נְדָבֹת֮ [will be] freewill offerings
Your people shall be willing on Your day of battle. Arrayed in holy splendor, from the womb of the dawn, to You belongs the dew of Your youth.
Here: Plural of the word for a freewill offering, a gift brought to the altar that no law required. The sentence has no verb, so the people do not merely 'consent' here. They are freewill offerings: wholehearted volunteers who give themselves.
-
Psalm 119:108 נִדְב֣וֹת [the] freewill offerings of
Accept the freewill offerings of my mouth, O LORD, and teach me Your judgments.
Here: Plural, 'freewill offerings of'. This is the temple name for a sacrifice that no law or vow required, brought simply because the worshiper wanted to. Putting it first gives it weight, and it also opens the line with the letter nun, which this stanza of the acrostic needs.
Ezekiel · 2
-
Ezekiel 46:12 נְדָבָ֜ה נְדָבָ֣ה a freewill offering
When the prince makes a freewill offering to the LORD, whether a burnt offering or a peace offering, the gate facing east must be opened for him. He is to offer his burnt offering or peace offering just as he does on the Sabbath day. Then he shall go out, and the gate must be closed after he goes out.
Hosea · 1
-
Hosea 14:4 נְדָבָ֑ה voluntariness
I will heal their apostasy; I will freely love them, for My anger has turned away from them.
Here: Used here as an adverb: "freely, of my own accord." The same word names the freewill offering, a gift brought because the worshipper wanted to give it and not because the law required it. God's love is given that way: unprompted, unforced and generous.
Amos · 1
-
Amos 4:5 נְדָב֖וֹת freewill offerings
Offer leavened bread as a thank offering, and loudly proclaim your freewill offerings. For that is what you children of Israel love to do,” declares the Lord GOD.
Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.