Hebrew word · H5889

עָיֵף

'ayef

faint

Faint, weary, exhausted, especially from hunger, thirst or a hard journey (Gen 25:29–30, Esau coming in “faint”; Judg 8:4–5, Gideon’s exhausted troops). It can describe dry land: “a dry and weary land” (Ps 63:1), “a weary land” (Isa 32:2).

Appears 17 times in 17 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·

What it means

faint, exhausted, weary

Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).

In depth

From the study of Isaiah 28:12

Range of meaning

Faint, weary, exhausted, especially from hunger, thirst or a hard journey (Gen 25:29–30, Esau coming in “faint”; Judg 8:4–5, Gideon’s exhausted troops). It can describe dry land: “a dry and weary land” (Ps 63:1), “a weary land” (Isa 32:2).

Against the English

“Weary” is accurate, though in English it can sound like mild tiredness. The Hebrew can mean physically spent and in need of food, water or relief.

Used elsewhere in the period

Isaiah returns to the weary as the people God cares for: Isa 29:8; 32:2; and the related word yāʿēp in 40:29–31 and 50:4 (“to sustain the weary with a word”). The Greek Old Testament (Septuagint) translates it here as “the hungry”.

From the study of Psalm 63:1

Range of meaning

Faint, exhausted, weary, especially from hunger or thirst (Genesis 25:29–30, Esau 'exhausted' from the field; Judges 8:4–5; Isaiah 29:8). Used of ground: parched (Isaiah 32:2; Psalm 143:6).

Against the English

KJV 'thirsty', BSB, WEB, ESV and NASB 'weary', NIV 'parched'. Each captures part of it: in Hebrew, exhaustion and thirst belong to the same word.

How it drifted

In modern English 'weary' mostly means tired. The Hebrew word also includes being drained by lack of food and water.

Used elsewhere in the period

Proverbs 25:25: 'cold water to a nefesh that is ʿayef'. Psalm 143:6: 'my nefesh to you like a land that is ʿayef'. Isaiah 29:8: the dreamer wakes ʿayef, still thirsty.

From the study of Isaiah 46:1

Range of meaning

Faint, exhausted, worn out by effort, thirst or hunger (Gen 25:29; Judg 8:4; Isa 29:8).

Against the English

KJV and BSB supply "beast/animal". The Hebrew just says "for a weary [one]", but the feminine form matches the animal words before it.

Used elsewhere in the period

Isa 40:28–31: the LORD "does not grow faint or weary" and gives strength to the weary. The theme runs through Isaiah 40–55.

Where it appears

Genesis · 2
  1. Genesis 25:29 עָיֵֽף׃ [was] exhausted

    One day, while Jacob was cooking some stew, Esau came in from the field and was famished.

  2. Genesis 25:30 עָיֵ֖ף [am] exhausted

    He said to Jacob, “Let me eat some of that red stew, for I am famished.” (That is why he was also called Edom.)

Deuteronomy · 1
  1. Deuteronomy 25:18 עָיֵ֣ף [were] exhausted

    how they met you on your journey when you were tired and weary, and they attacked all your stragglers; they had no fear of God.

Judges · 2
  1. Judges 8:4 עֲיֵפִ֖ים [were] exhausted

    Then Gideon and his three hundred men came to the Jordan and crossed it, exhausted yet still in pursuit.

  2. Judges 8:5 עֲיֵפִ֣ים [are] exhausted

    So Gideon said to the men of Succoth, “Please give my troops some bread, for they are exhausted, and I am still pursuing Zebah and Zalmunna, the kings of Midian.”

2 Samuel · 2
  1. 2 Samuel 16:14 עֲיֵפִ֑ים exhausted

    Finally, the king and all the people with him arrived, exhausted. And there he refreshed himself.

  2. 2 Samuel 17:29 וְעָיֵ֥ף and weary

    honey, curds, sheep, and cheese from the herd for David and his people to eat. For they said, “The people have become hungry, exhausted, and thirsty in the wilderness.”

Job · 1
  1. Job 22:7 עָיֵ֣ף [the] weary

    You gave no water to the weary and withheld food from the famished,

    Here: Someone physically drained, typically from thirst, travel or heat. Here it means the parched traveller or labourer who arrives at your door spent. It is the thirsty counterpart of 'the hungry' in the next half-line.

Psalms · 2
  1. Psalm 63:1 וְעָיֵ֣ף and weary

    A Psalm of David, when he was in the Wilderness of Judah. O God, You are my God. Earnestly I seek You; my soul thirsts for You. My body yearns for You in a dry and weary land without water.

    Here: 'And exhausted', worn out, especially from thirst. Its masculine form does not match 'land', so it may describe the psalmist as much as the ground: a weary land and a weary man.

  2. Psalm 143:6 עֲיֵפָ֖ה exhausted

    I stretch out my hands to You; my soul thirsts for You like a parched land. Selah

    Here: 'Exhausted, faint.' The word is used of people who are worn out, especially from thirst or hunger, so 'exhausted land' means ground spent for lack of water. Translations render it 'parched' or 'thirsty', which catches the idea, though the Hebrew word itself is about being worn out.

Proverbs · 1
  1. Proverbs 25:25 עֲיֵפָ֑ה weary

    Like cold water to a weary soul is good news from a distant land.

    Here: Worn out and faint, especially from lack of water, the way a traveller in dry country is. That is why some translations say 'thirsty'.

Isaiah · 5
  1. Isaiah 5:27 עָיֵ֤ף [is] a weary [one]

    None of them grows weary or stumbles; no one slumbers or sleeps. No belt is loose and no sandal strap is broken.

  2. Isaiah 28:12 לֶֽעָיֵ֔ף to the weary

    to whom He has said: “This is the place of rest, let the weary rest; this is the place of repose.” But they would not listen.

    Here: “To the weary one”: someone worn out, drained, faint from hunger, thirst or toil. Here probably the exhausted common people, worn down by war, tribute and their own leaders.

  3. Isaiah 29:8 עָיֵ֔ף [he is] faint

    as when a hungry man dreams he is eating, then awakens still hungry; as when a thirsty man dreams he is drinking, then awakens faint and parched. So will it be for all the many nations who go to battle against Mount Zion.

  4. Isaiah 32:2 עֲיֵפָֽה׃ weary

    Each will be like a shelter from the wind, a refuge from the storm, like streams of water in a dry land, like the shadow of a great rock in an arid land.

    Here: Exhausted from thirst and hunger. Esau came in 'faint' from the field (Gen 25:29). A land that is ʿayef is parched and gasping, as in Ps 63:1, 'a dry and weary land where there is no water'.

  5. Isaiah 46:1 לַעֲיֵפָֽה׃ for a weary [animal]

    Bel crouches; Nebo cowers. Their idols weigh down beasts and cattle. The images you carry are burdensome, a load to the weary animal.

    Here: "For a weary [one]": the worn-out pack animal. The gods are a dead weight that tires out the animal carrying them.

Jeremiah · 1
  1. Jeremiah 31:25 עֲיֵפָ֑ה [the] weary

    for I will refresh the weary soul and replenish all who are weak.”

    Here: Worn out to the point of fainting, especially from thirst and hunger, as when Esau came in from the field or a land is called "dry and weary". The word is feminine to agree with nefesh.

Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.