Hebrew word · H6643

צְבִי

tzevi

beauty

Beauty, splendor, ornament: something prized and delightful to see. A homonym (a different word spelled the same way) means 'gazelle', and some link the two through the image of grace and loveliness.

Appears 33 times in 32 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·

What it means

1) beauty, glory, honour

1a) beauty, decoration

1b) honour

Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).

In depth

From the study of Isaiah 4:2

Range of meaning

Beauty, splendor, ornament: something prized and delightful to see. A homonym (a different word spelled the same way) means 'gazelle', and some link the two through the image of grace and loveliness.

Against the English

'Beautiful' is accurate. YLT's 'for desire' tries to capture the sense of something prized. The word carries more than looks. It implies value and the honor that comes with it.

Used elsewhere in the period

It names the land of Israel as 'the beautiful land' (Dan 8:9; 11:16, 41) and 'the most beautiful of all lands' (Ezek 20:6, 15). Jer 3:19 has 'a beautiful inheritance'. In Isa 13:19 it is Babylon's 'glory of kingdoms', and in Isa 28:1–5 the Ephraimite crown is a 'fading flower of its glorious beauty' that Yahweh replaces by becoming 'a crown of beauty (ṣəḇî)' himself.

From the study of Isaiah 28:5

Range of meaning

Beauty, ornament, splendor: something admired and gloried in. It is used of Israel's land ("the beautiful land", Dan 8:9; 11:16; Jer 3:19), of Babylon as "the glory of kingdoms" (Isa 13:19), and of the leaders of Israel (2 Sam 1:19). A separate word with the same spelling means "gazelle", but that word plays no part here.

Against the English

BSB, KJV and WEB give "glory" here; YLT and NASB use "beauty" or "beautiful". "Glory" is fine, but in church English it suggests God's radiant presence, which in Hebrew is usually kāḇôḏ, a different word. ṣəḇî is closer to "pride and beauty, the thing you show off".

How it drifted

"Glory" in English devotional use has picked up the sense of shining divine majesty. ṣəḇî is a more down-to-earth word for something ornamental and admired.

Used elsewhere in the period

In Isa 4:2, a closely parallel "in that day" promise, the "branch of the LORD" becomes "beauty (liṣḇî) and glory" and the fruit of the land becomes "splendor (ləṯip̄’eret) for the survivors of Israel". It uses the same pair of words and the same remnant idea.

From the study of Isaiah 13:19

Range of meaning

Beauty, ornament, glory, the prized splendor of something. Used of the 'glorious land' (Israel: Jeremiah 3:19; Ezekiel 20:6, 15; Daniel 8:9, 11:16), of Israel's glory (2 Samuel 1:19), and of a 'crown of glory' (Isaiah 28:1, 4, 5). A separate word with the same spelling (H6643B) means 'gazelle'.

Against the English

BSB and NIV say 'jewel', KJV, WEB and ESV 'glory', YLT and NASB 'beauty'. All are fair. 'Jewel' best catches the sense of a prized ornament on display.

Used elsewhere in the period

The same word for 'gazelle' appears in Isaiah 13:14 ('like a hunted tsevi'), five verses earlier. Hebrew poets liked wordplay on look-alike words, so the echo is probably meant, though nothing proves it.

Where it appears

Deuteronomy · 4
  1. Deuteronomy 12:15 כַּצְּבִ֖י like <the> gazelle

    But whenever you want, you may slaughter and eat meat within any of your gates, according to the blessing the LORD your God has given you. Both the ceremonially clean and unclean may eat it as they would a gazelle or deer,

  2. Deuteronomy 12:22 הַצְּבִי֙ the gazelle

    Indeed, you may eat it as you would eat a gazelle or deer; both the ceremonially unclean and the clean may eat it.

  3. Deuteronomy 14:5 וּצְבִ֖י and a gazelle

    the deer, the gazelle, the roe deer, the wild goat, the ibex, the antelope, and the mountain sheep.

  4. Deuteronomy 15:22 כַּצְּבִ֖י like <the> gazelle

    Eat it within your gates; both the ceremonially unclean and clean may eat it as they would a gazelle or a deer.

2 Samuel · 2
  1. 2 Samuel 1:19 הַצְּבִי֙ the beauty

    “Your glory, O Israel, lies slain on your heights. How the mighty have fallen!

  2. 2 Samuel 2:18 הַצְּבָיִ֖ם the gazelles

    The three sons of Zeruiah were there: Joab, Abishai, and Asahel. Now Asahel was fleet of foot like a wild gazelle,

    Here: The gazelle, the fastest and most graceful animal an Israelite would see in the hills and steppe. It is a picture of speed and beauty; the same word also means 'beauty, glory'.

1 Kings · 1
  1. 1 Kings 4:23 וּצְבִי֙ and gazelle

    ten fat oxen, twenty range oxen, and a hundred sheep, as well as deer, gazelles, roebucks, and fattened poultry.

1 Chronicles · 1
  1. 1 Chronicles 12:8 וְכִצְבָאיִ֥ם and like gazelles

    Some Gadites defected to David at his stronghold in the wilderness. They were mighty men of valor, trained for battle, experts with the shield and spear, whose faces were like the faces of lions and who were as swift as gazelles on the mountains:

    Here: Gazelles, the fastest animals of the Israelite hills. The spelling with an aleph sounds close to tsava ('army') earlier in the verse, which may be a deliberate sound-play.

Proverbs · 1
  1. Proverbs 6:5 כִּצְבִ֣י like a gazelle

    Free yourself, like a gazelle from the hand of the hunter, like a bird from the snare of the fowler.

    Here: 'Like a gazelle.' The gazelle was the swiftest game animal Israel knew, a byword for speed (2 Sam 2:18), and a common target of hunters. The picture is a captured animal straining and bolting the moment it can.

Song of Songs · 5
  1. Song of Songs 2:7 בִּצְבָא֔וֹת by gazelles

    O daughters of Jerusalem, I adjure you by the gazelles and does of the field: Do not arouse or awaken love until the time is right.

  2. Song of Songs 2:9 לִצְבִ֔י <to> a gazelle

    My beloved is like a gazelle or a young stag. Look, he stands behind our wall, gazing through the windows, peering through the lattice.

  3. Song of Songs 2:17 לִצְבִ֗י <to> a gazelle

    Before the day breaks and shadows flee, turn, my beloved, and be like a gazelle or a young stag on the mountains of Bether.

  4. Song of Songs 3:5 בִּצְבָא֔וֹת by gazelles

    O daughters of Jerusalem, I adjure you by the gazelles and does of the field: Do not arouse or awaken love until the time is right.

  5. Song of Songs 8:14 לִצְבִי֙ <to> a gazelle

    Come away, my beloved, and be like a gazelle or a young stag on the mountains of spices.

Isaiah · 8
  1. Isaiah 4:2 לִצְבִ֖י <into> beauty

    On that day the Branch of the LORD will be beautiful and glorious, and the fruit of the land will be the pride and glory of Israel’s survivors.

    Here: 'For beauty / an ornament.' The same word names the 'beautiful land' of Israel elsewhere. It is something lovely you want to look at, and here it replaces the jewelry stripped away in chapter 3.

  2. Isaiah 13:14 כִּצְבִ֣י like a gazelle

    Like a hunted gazelle, like a sheep without a shepherd, each will return to his own people, each will flee to his native land.

  3. Isaiah 13:19 צְבִ֣י [the] beauty of

    And Babylon, the jewel of the kingdoms, the glory of the pride of the Chaldeans, will be overthrown by God like Sodom and Gomorrah.

    Here: Babylon is the showpiece, the crowning ornament among the kingdoms. The same spelling also means 'gazelle', and verse 14 has just used it: the people will flee 'like a hunted gazelle'. The city's 'glory' will scatter like a frightened animal.

  4. Isaiah 23:9 צְבִ֔י splendor

    The LORD of Hosts planned it, to defile all its glorious beauty, to disgrace all the renowned of the earth.

    Here: "Splendor" or "ornament": the beauty that makes a thing admired and desired. Isaiah 13:19 uses it of Babylon as "the jewel of kingdoms."

  5. Isaiah 24:16 צְבִ֣י splendor

    From the ends of the earth we hear singing: “Glory to the Righteous One.” But I said, “I am wasting away! I am wasting away! Woe is me.” The treacherous betray; the treacherous deal in treachery.

    Here: The words of the song: 'Splendor/honor belongs to…'. The word means beauty or adornment that brings honor, like a crown or a jewel (Isa 4:2; 28:5).

  6. Isaiah 28:1 צְבִ֣י [the] beauty of

    Woe to the majestic crown of Ephraim’s drunkards, to the fading flower of his glorious splendor, set on the summit above the fertile valley, the pride of those overcome by wine.

    Here: Ornamental beauty or splendor. The same word is used for the 'beautiful land' of Israel. It stands alongside the flower: the fading flower is that beauty.

  7. Isaiah 28:4 צְבִ֣י [the] beauty of

    The fading flower of his beautiful splendor, set on the summit above the fertile valley, will be like a ripe fig before the summer harvest: Whoever sees it will take it in his hand and swallow it.

  8. Isaiah 28:5 צְבִ֔י beauty

    On that day the LORD of Hosts will be a crown of glory, a diadem of splendor to the remnant of His people,

    Here: "Beauty": the visible, admired loveliness of something that is a source of pride. It repeats the word for Samaria's "beauty" in verses 1 and 4, which was a flower already fading.

Jeremiah · 2
  1. Jeremiah 3:19 צְבִ֖י צִבְא֣וֹת beauty of, beauties of

    Then I said, ‘How I long to make you My sons and give you a desirable land, the most beautiful inheritance of all the nations!’ I thought you would call Me ‘Father’ and never turn away from following Me.

    Here: 'Beauty': splendour, the pride of something. Ezekiel and Daniel use the same word for the land of Israel ('the glorious land').

Ezekiel · 5
  1. Ezekiel 7:20 וּצְבִ֤י and [the] beauty of

    His beautiful ornaments they transformed into pride and used them to fashion their vile images and detestable idols. Therefore I will make these into something unclean for them.

    Here: Splendour, glory, the thing that makes something lovely to look at. Ezekiel uses the same word for the land of Israel as 'the most beautiful of all lands' (20:6, 15). It comes first in the sentence: 'As for the beauty of his ornament…'

  2. Ezekiel 20:6 צְבִ֥י [is] beauty

    On that day I swore to bring them out of the land of Egypt into a land that I had searched out for them, a land flowing with milk and honey, the glory of all lands.

    Here: "A beauty / jewel": something admired and shown off with pride. The land is pictured as the jewel among all lands.

  3. Ezekiel 20:15 צְבִ֥י [is] beauty

    Moreover, with an uplifted hand I swore to them in the wilderness that I would not bring them into the land that I had given them—a land flowing with milk and honey, the glory of all lands—

    Here: 'A beauty', meaning the showpiece or jewel among lands. The word is about attractiveness and prized splendour. It is not the radiant presence of God that 'glory' often suggests.

  4. Ezekiel 25:9 צְבִ֗י [the] beauty of

    therefore I will indeed expose the flank of Moab beginning with its frontier cities—Beth-jeshimoth, Baal-meon, and Kiriathaim—the glory of the land.

  5. Ezekiel 26:20 צְבִ֖י splendor

    then I will bring you down with those who descend to the Pit, to the people of antiquity. I will make you dwell in the earth below like the ancient ruins, with those who descend to the Pit, so that you will no longer be inhabited or set in splendor in the land of the living.

    Here: 'Splendor, ornament, glory'. Ezekiel uses it for the land of Israel as 'the glory of all lands' (20:6, 15). The standard text has God placing splendor in the land of the living while Tyre lies below.

Daniel · 4
  1. Daniel 8:9 הַצֶּֽבִי׃ the beauty

    From one of these horns a little horn emerged and grew extensively toward the south and the east and toward the Beautiful Land.

    Here: 'The Beauty' or 'the Glory'. The word stands alone, but Daniel 11:16 and 11:41 spell it out as 'the land of the Beauty', the land of Israel. It also sounds like tsava, 'host', which opens verse 10.

  2. Daniel 11:16 הַצְּבִ֖י <the> beauty

    The invader will do as he pleases, and no one will stand against him. He will establish himself in the Beautiful Land, with destruction in his hand.

  3. Daniel 11:41 הַצְּבִ֔י <the> beauty

    He will also invade the Beautiful Land, and many countries will fall. But these will be delivered from his hand: Edom, Moab, and the leaders of the Ammonites.

  4. Daniel 11:45 צְבִי־ [the] beauty of

    He will pitch his royal tents between the sea and the beautiful holy mountain, but he will meet his end with no one to help him.

    Here: 'Beauty, glory, the thing everyone wants.' Daniel uses it as a name for the land of Israel ('the Beautiful Land', 8:9; 11:16, 41). Here, with 'holiness', it names Zion as the jewel of that land.

Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.