Hebrew word · H6833
צִפּוֹר
tzipor
bird
Tsippor is a small bird, often a sparrow-type bird, nesting near people (Ps 84:3; Deut 22:6). ʿUf means to fly, flutter or hover. The participle describes continuous action.
Appears 40 times in 36 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·
What it means
Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).
In depth
- Range of meaning
Tsippor is a small bird, often a sparrow-type bird, nesting near people (Ps 84:3; Deut 22:6). ʿUf means to fly, flutter or hover. The participle describes continuous action.
- Against the English
KJV and YLT 'birds flying' is literal but leaves the picture vague. BSB, WEB, NIV and ESV 'hovering' bring in the sense from 'over Jerusalem.' This is a fair reading, though the verb alone just means 'fly.'
- Used elsewhere in the period
Similar pictures of protective wings: the eagle 'that stirs up its nest, hovers over its young' (Deut 32:11), 'the shadow of your wings' (Ps 17:8; 36:7; 91:4). Deuteronomy 22:6–7 shows the familiar sight of a mother bird sitting over her nestlings. By striking contrast, Sennacherib's own annals boast that he shut Hezekiah up in Jerusalem 'like a bird in a cage.' The two texts are unrelated, but the bird picture appears on both sides of the same siege.
From the study of Proverbs 27:8
- Range of meaning
A small bird, especially the sparrow-type passerines; sometimes birds in general. These were common and cheap, sold for food and used in purification rites (Lev 14:4-7). They were easily snared (Prov 6:5; 7:23; Amos 3:5; Lam 3:52) and symbols of smallness and vulnerability (Ps 84:3; 102:7; 124:7).
- Against the English
'Bird' is accurate. The Hebrew picture is specifically a small, fragile bird, not an eagle or hawk.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Frequent in Proverbs' imagery of traps and danger (6:5; 7:23; 26:2). Deut 22:6-7 regulates taking a mother bird from her nest, which shows that a nest found with the mother away or exposed was a familiar sight.
- Range of meaning
A bird, especially a small bird (sparrow-type or other passerine) caught with nets and snares. It is also used generally of birds, including those used in rituals (Lev 14:4–7).
- Against the English
'Bird' in most versions. LXX, Vulgate and NLT-style renderings use 'like a bird' or 'sparrow'.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Ps 124:7: 'escaped like a bird from the fowler's snare'. Amos 3:5. Lam 3:52: 'my enemies hunted me like a bird'. 1 Sam 26:20 has David comparing himself to a partridge hunted in the mountains (a different Hebrew word, but the same picture).
Similar words
Where it appears
Genesis · 2
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Genesis 7:14 צִפּ֥וֹר bird
they and every kind of wild animal, livestock, crawling creature, bird, and winged creature.
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Genesis 15:10 הַצִפֹּ֖ר the bird[s]
So Abram brought all these to Him, split each of them down the middle, and laid the halves opposite each other. The birds, however, he did not cut in half.
Leviticus · 13
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Leviticus 14:4 צִפֳּרִ֥ים birds
the priest shall order that two live clean birds, cedar wood, scarlet yarn, and hyssop be brought for the one to be cleansed.
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Leviticus 14:5 הַצִּפּ֣וֹר the bird
Then the priest shall command that one of the birds be slaughtered over fresh water in a clay pot.
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Leviticus 14:6 הַצִּפֹּ֤ר הַצִּפֹּ֣ר הַצִּפֹּ֣ר the bird
And he is to take the live bird together with the cedar wood, scarlet yarn, and hyssop, and dip them into the blood of the bird that was slaughtered over the fresh water.
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Leviticus 14:7 הַצִּפֹּ֥ר the bird
Seven times he shall sprinkle the one to be cleansed of the skin disease. Then he shall pronounce him clean and release the live bird into the open field.
Here: A small bird. The text does not say which species; the rite required two of them (14:4), one slaughtered and one kept alive.
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Leviticus 14:49 צִפֳּרִ֑ים birds
He is to take two birds, cedar wood, scarlet yarn, and hyssop to purify the house;
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Leviticus 14:50 הַצִּפֹּ֣ר the bird
and he shall slaughter one of the birds over fresh water in a clay pot.
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Leviticus 14:51 הַצִּפֹּ֣ר הַצִּפֹּ֣ר the bird
Then he shall take the cedar wood, the hyssop, the scarlet yarn, and the live bird, dip them in the blood of the slaughtered bird and the fresh water, and sprinkle the house seven times.
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Leviticus 14:52 הַצִּפּ֔וֹר וּבַצִּפֹּ֣ר the bird, and with the bird
And he shall cleanse the house with the bird’s blood, the fresh water, the live bird, the cedar wood, the hyssop, and the scarlet yarn.
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Leviticus 14:53 הַצִּפֹּ֧ר the bird
Finally, he is to release the live bird into the open fields outside the city. In this way he will make atonement for the house, and it will be clean.
Deuteronomy · 3
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Deuteronomy 4:17 צִפּ֣וֹר bird of
of any beast that is on the earth or bird that flies in the air,
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Deuteronomy 14:11 צִפּ֥וֹר bird
You may eat any clean bird,
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Deuteronomy 22:6 צִפּ֣וֹר׀ a bird
If you come across a bird’s nest with chicks or eggs, either in a tree or on the ground along the road, and the mother is sitting on the chicks or eggs, you must not take the mother along with the young.
Nehemiah · 1
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Nehemiah 5:18 וְצִפֳּרִים֙ and poultry
Each day one ox, six choice sheep, and some fowl were prepared for me, and once every ten days an abundance of all kinds of wine was provided. But I did not demand the food allotted to the governor, because the burden on the people was so heavy.
Job · 1
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Job 41:5 כַּצִּפּ֑וֹר like <the> bird
Can you pet him like a bird or put him on a leash for your maidens?
Psalms · 7
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Psalm 8:8 צִפּ֣וֹר [the] bird[s] of
the birds of the air and the fish of the sea, all that swim the paths of the seas.
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Psalm 11:1 צִפּֽוֹר׃ a bird
For the choirmaster. Of David. In the LORD I take refuge. How then can you say to me: “Flee like a bird to your mountain!
Here: A small bird of the kind that fowlers hunt. In the standard Hebrew it is a direct address ('O bird!') or a comparison left implied ('as a bird'). The image is of something small, hunted and frightened, darting off to cover.
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Psalm 84:3 צִפּ֨וֹר׀ a bird
Even the sparrow has found a home, and the swallow a nest for herself, where she places her young near Your altars, O LORD of Hosts, my King and my God.
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Psalm 102:7 כְּ֝צִפּ֗וֹר like a bird
I lie awake; I am like a lone bird on a housetop.
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Psalm 104:17 צִפֳּרִ֣ים birds
where the birds build their nests; the stork makes her home in the cypresses.
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Psalm 124:7 כְּצִפּ֥וֹר like a bird
We have escaped like a bird from the snare of the fowler; the net is torn, and we have slipped away.
Here: 'Like a bird.' Tsippor is the usual word for small birds such as sparrows, the kind caught in great numbers for food. The picture is of something small and helpless.
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Psalm 148:10 וְצִפּ֥וֹר and bird[s] of
wild animals and all cattle, crawling creatures and flying birds,
Here: "And bird of…" The form links it to the next word. Tsippor often means a small songbird, but here it stands for birds in general.
Proverbs · 4
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Proverbs 6:5 וּ֝כְצִפּ֗וֹר and like a bird
Free yourself, like a gazelle from the hand of the hunter, like a bird from the snare of the fowler.
Here: 'And like a bird.' A general word for small birds such as sparrows, which were caught in large numbers with nets and traps. The bird is the classic picture of a creature that is helpless once it is held.
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Proverbs 7:23 צִפּ֣וֹר a bird
until an arrow pierces his liver, like a bird darting into a snare—not knowing it will cost him his life.
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Proverbs 26:2 כַּצִּפּ֣וֹר like <the> bird
Like a fluttering sparrow or darting swallow, an undeserved curse does not come to rest.
Here: 'Like the (small) bird.' Tsippor is the everyday word for a small songbird, often a sparrow. The first picture is of something small and restless, always on the move.
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Proverbs 27:8 כְּ֭צִפּוֹר like a bird
Like a bird that strays from its nest is a man who wanders from his home.
Here: The prefix ke- means "like." Tsippor is a small bird, the sparrow-sized kind found all over the hills of Israel. It was common, cheap and easily hunted, so it is a picture of something small and exposed. It is grammatically feminine, which is why the next words are feminine ("her nest").
Ecclesiastes · 2
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Ecclesiastes 9:12 וְכַ֨צִּפֳּרִ֔ים and like <the> birds
For surely no man knows his time: Like fish caught in a cruel net or birds trapped in a snare, so men are ensnared in an evil time that suddenly falls upon them.
Here: "And like the birds": the second comparison, small birds taken by fowlers for food and for sale.
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Ecclesiastes 12:4 הַצִּפּ֔וֹר <the> bird
when the doors to the street are shut and the sound of the mill fades away, when one rises at the sound of a bird and all the daughters of song grow faint,
Isaiah · 1
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Isaiah 31:5 כְּצִפֳּרִ֣ים like birds
Like birds hovering overhead, so the LORD of Hosts will protect Jerusalem. He will shield it and deliver it; He will pass over it and preserve it.”
Here: Tsippor is the everyday word for a small bird, the kind that nests in eaves and trees. With the prefix kə- ('like') it opens a comparison that pairs with the lion in verse 4.
Lamentations · 1
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Lamentations 3:52 כַּצִּפּ֖וֹר like <the> bird
Without cause my enemies hunted me like a bird.
Ezekiel · 3
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Ezekiel 17:23 צִפּ֣וֹר bird
I will plant it on the mountain heights of Israel so that it will bear branches; it will yield fruit and become a majestic cedar. Birds of every kind will nest under it, taking shelter in the shade of its branches.
Here: Bird, often small ones, used here as a collective. In the parallel tree passage, Ezekiel 31:6, the birds sit alongside 'all great nations,' which suggests peoples finding shelter.
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Ezekiel 39:4 צִפּ֧וֹר bird[s]
On the mountains of Israel you will fall—you and all your troops and the nations with you. I will give you as food to every kind of ravenous bird and wild beast.
Here: The general word for bird. Joined to the previous word it makes "birds of prey, birds…", widening the circle beyond raptors.
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Ezekiel 39:17 לְצִפּ֨וֹר to bird[s] of
And as for you, son of man, this is what the Lord GOD says: Call out to every kind of bird and to every beast of the field: ‘Assemble and come together from all around to the sacrificial feast that I am preparing for you, a great feast on the mountains of Israel. There you will eat flesh and drink blood.
Here: A singular used for the whole group: 'to the birds'. In context (39:4, 'birds of prey') the scavengers are meant above all: vultures, kites, ravens.
Hosea · 1
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Hosea 11:11 כְצִפּוֹר֙ like a bird
They will come trembling like birds from Egypt and like doves from the land of Assyria. Then I will settle them in their homes, declares the LORD.
Amos · 1
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Amos 3:5 צִפּוֹר֙ a bird
Does a bird land in a snare where no bait has been set? Does a trap spring from the ground when it has nothing to catch?
Here: A small bird of the kind caught for food, such as a sparrow, finch, quail or dove. It was the everyday quarry of the bird-catcher.
Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.