Hebrew word · H7004
קְטֹ֫רֶת
ketoret
incense
Incense, or the smoke of burning offerings. In priestly texts it mostly means the holy compound of four spices (Exod 30:34–38), burned on the golden altar morning and evening (Exod 30:7–8). Lay people were forbidden to make it for private use.
Appears 60 times in 58 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·
What it means
1) incense, smoke, odour of (burning) sacrifice
1a) sweet smoke of sacrifice
1b) incense
1c) perfume
Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).
In depth
From the study of Numbers 16:46
- Range of meaning
Incense, or the smoke of burning offerings. In priestly texts it mostly means the holy compound of four spices (Exod 30:34–38), burned on the golden altar morning and evening (Exod 30:7–8). Lay people were forbidden to make it for private use.
- Against the English
'Incense' is accurate. Modern readers, though, may hear 'pleasant smell' or 'atmosphere'. In Israel it was a dangerous sacred substance tied to the priesthood and to the presence of God.
- Used elsewhere in the period
On the Day of Atonement the cloud of incense covers the ark's cover 'so that he will not die' (Lev 16:13). Incense works as a shield between a human being and the lethal holiness of God. Incense was widely used in Mesopotamian and Egyptian temples, and many scholars note that it was thought to please the gods and turn away harm. Wisdom 18:21 and 4 Maccabees 7:11 remember Aaron's incense as what stopped the destroying anger.
From the study of Proverbs 27:9
- Range of meaning
Smoke or fragrance from burning something, especially aromatic resins such as frankincense. Most often it means the incense of the tabernacle or temple (Exod 30; Lev 16), but the root also covers household and luxury fumigation, and even the smell of burning fat in sacrifice.
- Against the English
KJV/YLT 'perfume', WEB/BSB 'incense'. 'Perfume' can mislead a modern reader, who pictures liquid scent dabbed on the skin. Qetoret was usually burned, with fragrant smoke filling a room or a bed (Prov 7:17; Song 3:6).
- How it drifted
Early modern English 'perfume' still kept its Latin sense of 'through smoke' (per fumum), so the KJV was closer than it now sounds.
- Used elsewhere in the period
It is cultic in Exodus and Leviticus. It is non-cultic luxury in Song 3:6 ('perfumed with myrrh and frankincense'). Frankincense and myrrh were costly imports from South Arabia along the incense trade routes.
- Range of meaning
From the root q-t-r, 'to make smoke, to send up in smoke'. Its main sense is (1) the special blended incense of the sanctuary (Exod 30:34–38) burned on the golden altar. More broadly it means (2) the fragrant smoke that rises from any offering: Ps 66:15 speaks of 'the qetoret of rams', meaning the smoke of burnt animals.
- Against the English
English 'incense' is accurate. Modern readers may picture a stick of incense used to set a mood. In Israel this was a holy compound that only priests could burn, on a fixed timetable, in the inner part of the sanctuary. Unauthorised incense was deadly (Lev 10:1–2; Num 16).
- Used elsewhere in the period
Exod 30:7–8 has Aaron burn incense every morning and again 'between the evenings', at twilight, when he lights the lamps. Lev 16:12–13 shows its cloud covering the ark on the Day of Atonement. Second Temple texts connect the evening incense hour with prayer: Judith prays 'at the very time when the evening incense was being offered in Jerusalem' (Judith 9:1), and in Luke 1:9–10 the people pray outside 'at the hour of incense'. Revelation 5:8 and 8:3–4 take up the same picture and identify the incense with the prayers of God's people.
Where it appears
Exodus · 19
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Exodus 25:6 וְלִקְטֹ֖רֶת and for [the] incense of
olive oil for the light; spices for the anointing oil and for the fragrant incense;
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Exodus 30:1 קְטֹ֑רֶת incense
“You are also to make an altar of acacia wood for the burning of incense.
Here: From the same root as the word before it, so the Hebrew sounds like 'a smoking-place of smoke'. In the priestly texts it means the holy compounded incense described in 30:34–38, burned on live coals so that it gives off fragrant smoke.
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Exodus 30:7 קְטֹ֣רֶת incense of
And Aaron is to burn fragrant incense on it every morning when he tends the lamps.
Here: The noun made from the same root as the verb: literally 'smoke-offering'. Here it is linked to the next word, so it means 'smoke-offering made of spices', the specially blended holy incense whose recipe is given in vv. 34–38.
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Exodus 30:8 קְטֹ֧רֶת incense of
When Aaron sets up the lamps at twilight, he must burn the incense perpetually before the LORD for the generations to come.
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Exodus 30:9 קְטֹ֥רֶת incense
On this altar you must not offer unauthorized incense or a burnt offering or grain offering; nor are you to pour a drink offering on it.
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Exodus 30:27 הַקְּטֹֽרֶת׃ <the> incense
the table and all its utensils, the lampstand and its utensils, the altar of incense,
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Exodus 30:35 קְטֹ֔רֶת incense
and make a fragrant blend of incense, the work of a perfumer, seasoned with salt, pure and holy.
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Exodus 30:37 וְהַקְּטֹ֙רֶת֙ and the incense
You are never to use this formula to make incense for yourselves; you shall regard it as holy to the LORD.
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Exodus 31:8 הַקְּטֹֽרֶת׃ <the> incense
the table with its utensils, the pure gold lampstand with all its utensils, the altar of incense,
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Exodus 31:11 קְטֹ֥רֶת [the] incense of
in addition to the anointing oil and fragrant incense for the Holy Place. They are to make them according to all that I have commanded you.”
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Exodus 35:8 וְלִקְטֹ֖רֶת and for [the] incense of
olive oil for the light; spices for the anointing oil and for the fragrant incense;
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Exodus 35:15 הַקְּטֹ֙רֶת֙ קְטֹ֣רֶת <the> incense, [the] incense of
the altar of incense with its poles; the anointing oil and fragrant incense; the curtain for the doorway at the entrance to the tabernacle;
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Exodus 35:28 וְלִקְטֹ֖רֶת and for [the] incense of
as well as spices and olive oil for the light, for the anointing oil, and for the fragrant incense.
Here: Literally 'smoke', what rises when aromatic material is burned. Here it means the specific incense burned on the golden altar every morning and evening (Exodus 30:7–8).
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Exodus 37:25 הַקְּטֹ֖רֶת <the> incense
He made the altar of incense out of acacia wood. It was square, a cubit long, a cubit wide, and two cubits high. Its horns were of one piece.
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Exodus 37:29 קְטֹ֥רֶת [the] incense of
He also made the sacred anointing oil and the pure, fragrant incense, the work of a perfumer.
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Exodus 39:38 קְטֹ֣רֶת [the] incense of
the gold altar, the anointing oil, the fragrant incense, and the curtain for the entrance to the tent;
Here: From the root "to make smoke rise." It means the substance that is burned for its fragrant smoke: the prepared incense itself, not the act of burning it.
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Exodus 40:5 לִקְטֹ֔רֶת for incense
Place the gold altar of incense in front of the ark of the Testimony, and hang the curtain at the entrance to the tabernacle.
Here: "For incense." The word comes from a root meaning 'to make smoke rise.' It names the special blend of spices that was burned for its smoke (Exod 30:34–38). This phrase names what the altar is for.
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Exodus 40:27 קְטֹ֣רֶת incense of
and he burned fragrant incense on it, just as the LORD had commanded him.
Leviticus · 5
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Leviticus 4:7 קְטֹ֤רֶת [the] incense of
The priest must then put some of the blood on the horns of the altar of fragrant incense that is before the LORD in the Tent of Meeting. And he is to pour out the rest of the bull’s blood at the base of the altar of burnt offering at the entrance to the Tent of Meeting.
Here: From a root meaning 'to send up in smoke'. It names the special incense burned morning and evening inside the tent (Exod 30:7–8).
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Leviticus 10:1 קְטֹ֑רֶת incense
Now Aaron’s sons Nadab and Abihu took their censers, put fire in them and added incense, and offered unauthorized fire before the LORD, contrary to His command.
Here: Fragrant smoke offered to God. In the sanctuary this meant a holy blend with a fixed recipe (Exod 30:34–38), and in Exodus 30:7–8 burning it is given to Aaron himself.
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Leviticus 16:12 קְטֹ֥רֶת incense of
Then he must take a censer full of burning coals from the altar before the LORD, and two handfuls of finely ground fragrant incense, and take them inside the veil.
Here: Aromatic material burned for its smoke. The phrase 'incense of spices' that begins here is the name of the sanctuary's own reserved incense recipe (Exodus 30:34–38), not any incense.
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Leviticus 16:13 הַקְּטֹ֛רֶת הַקְּטֹ֗רֶת the incense
He is to put the incense on the fire before the LORD, and the cloud of incense will cover the mercy seat above the Testimony, so that he will not die.
Numbers · 21
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Numbers 4:16 וּקְטֹ֣רֶת and [the] incense of
Eleazar son of Aaron the priest shall oversee the oil for the light, the fragrant incense, the daily grain offering, and the anointing oil. He has oversight of the entire tabernacle and everything in it, including the holy objects and their utensils.”
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Numbers 7:14 קְטֹֽרֶת׃ incense
one gold dish weighing ten shekels, filled with incense;
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Numbers 7:20 קְטֹֽרֶת׃ incense
one gold dish weighing ten shekels, filled with incense;
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Numbers 7:26 קְטֹֽרֶת׃ incense
one gold dish weighing ten shekels, filled with incense;
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Numbers 7:32 קְטֹֽרֶת incense
one gold dish weighing ten shekels, filled with incense;
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Numbers 7:38 קְטֹֽרֶת׃ incense
one gold dish weighing ten shekels, filled with incense;
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Numbers 7:44 קְטֹֽרֶת׃ incense
one gold dish weighing ten shekels, filled with incense;
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Numbers 7:50 קְטֹֽרֶת׃ incense
one gold dish weighing ten shekels, filled with incense;
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Numbers 7:56 קְטֹֽרֶת׃ incense
one gold dish weighing ten shekels, filled with incense;
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Numbers 7:62 קְטֹֽרֶת׃ incense
one gold dish weighing ten shekels, filled with incense;
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Numbers 7:68 קְטֹֽרֶת incense
one gold dish weighing ten shekels, filled with incense;
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Numbers 7:74 קְטֹֽרֶת׃ incense
one gold dish weighing ten shekels, filled with incense;
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Numbers 7:80 קְטֹֽרֶת׃ incense
one gold dish weighing ten shekels, filled with incense;
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Numbers 7:86 קְטֹ֔רֶת incense
The twelve gold dishes filled with incense weighed ten shekels each, according to the sanctuary shekel. The total weight of the gold dishes was a hundred and twenty shekels.
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Numbers 16:7 קְטֹ֜רֶת incense
and tomorrow you are to place fire and incense in them in the presence of the LORD. Then the man the LORD chooses will be the one who is holy. It is you sons of Levi who have taken too much upon yourselves!”
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Numbers 16:17 קְטֹ֔רֶת incense
Each man is to take his censer, place incense in it, and present it before the LORD—250 censers. You and Aaron are to present your censers as well.”
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Numbers 16:18 קְטֹ֑רֶת incense
So each man took his censer, put fire and incense in it, and stood with Moses and Aaron at the entrance to the Tent of Meeting.
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Numbers 16:35 הַקְּטֹֽרֶת׃ פ <of> the incense
And fire came forth from the LORD and consumed the 250 men who were offering the incense.
Here: The fragrant offering burned on coals so that its smoke rose before God, a rite reserved for Aaron's priestly line (Exodus 30:7-8; Numbers 16:40). 'The' incense points to the test Moses set in 16:6-7, 16-18.
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Numbers 16:40 קְטֹ֖רֶת incense
just as the LORD commanded him through Moses. This was to be a reminder to the Israelites that no outsider who is not a descendant of Aaron should approach to offer incense before the LORD, lest he become like Korah and his followers.
Here: The noun shares a root with the verb, so the phrase reads like 'to smoke the smoke-offering.' The repeated sound keeps attention on the one forbidden act.
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Numbers 16:46 קְטֹ֔רֶת incense
Moses said to Aaron, “Take your censer, place fire from the altar in it, and add incense. Go quickly to the congregation and make atonement for them, because wrath has come out from the LORD; the plague has begun.”
Here: The sacred incense blend (Exod 30:34–38), reserved for priests. In this story it was the test that killed the rebels (16:7, 17, 35). Now the right priest uses it to save lives.
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Numbers 16:47 הַקְּטֹ֔רֶת the incense
So Aaron took the censer as Moses had ordered and ran into the midst of the assembly. And seeing that the plague had begun among the people, he offered the incense and made atonement for the people.
1 Samuel · 1
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1 Samuel 2:28 קְטֹ֛רֶת incense
And out of all the tribes of Israel I selected your father to be My priest, to offer sacrifices on My altar, to burn incense, and to wear an ephod in My presence. I also gave to the house of your father all the food offerings of the Israelites.
Here: The fragrant smoke offered up. Here it most naturally means the incense burned before God in the sanctuary.
1 Chronicles · 2
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1 Chronicles 6:49 הַקְּטֹ֔רֶת the incense
But Aaron and his sons did all the work of the Most Holy Place. They presented the offerings on the altar of burnt offering and on the altar of incense to make atonement for Israel, according to all that Moses the servant of God had commanded.
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1 Chronicles 28:18 הַקְּטֹ֛רֶת <the> incense
the weight of the refined gold for the altar of incense; and the plans for the chariot of the gold cherubim that spread their wings and overshadowed the ark of the covenant of the LORD.
2 Chronicles · 5
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2 Chronicles 2:4 קְטֹֽרֶת־ incense of
Behold, I am about to build a house for the Name of the LORD my God to dedicate to Him for burning fragrant incense before Him, for displaying the showbread continuously, and for making burnt offerings every morning and evening as well as on the Sabbaths, New Moons, and appointed feasts of the LORD our God. This is ordained for Israel forever.
Here: The noun that goes with the verb above: the fragrant smoke offered daily on the golden altar inside the sanctuary (Exod 30:7–8).
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2 Chronicles 13:11 וּקְטֹֽרֶת־ and incense of
Every morning and every evening they present burnt offerings and fragrant incense to the LORD. They set out the rows of showbread on the ceremonially clean table, and every evening they light the lamps of the gold lampstand. We are carrying out the requirements of the LORD our God, while you have forsaken Him.
Here: The noun comes from the same root as the opening verb: literally 'and the smoke-offering of…'. This is the incense burned on the golden altar inside the sanctuary, also morning and evening (Exod 30:7–8).
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2 Chronicles 26:16 הַקְּטֹֽרֶת׃ <the> incense
But when Uzziah became powerful, his arrogance led to his own destruction. He was unfaithful to the LORD his God, for he entered the temple of the LORD to burn incense on the altar of incense.
Here: "The incense": the holy blend of Exod 30:34–38, which no one could make or use for themselves on pain of being cut off. It is the same root as the verb before it: "to make smoke on the altar of the smoke."
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2 Chronicles 26:19 הַקְּטֹֽרֶת׃ <the> incense
Uzziah, with a censer in his hand to offer incense, was enraged. But while he raged against the priests in their presence in the house of the LORD before the altar of incense, leprosy broke out on his forehead.
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2 Chronicles 29:7 וּקְטֹ֖רֶת and incense
They also shut the doors of the portico and extinguished the lamps. They did not burn incense or present burnt offerings in the Holy Place of the God of Israel.
Psalms · 2
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Psalm 66:15 קְטֹ֣רֶת [the] smoke of
I will offer You fatlings as burnt offerings, with the fragrant smoke of rams; I will offer bulls and goats. Selah
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Psalm 141:2 קְטֹ֣רֶת incense
May my prayer be set before You like incense; my uplifted hands, like the evening offering.
Here: Incense: the fragrant smoke burned on the golden altar in the sanctuary. The Hebrew has no 'like'. The prayer is simply set next to 'incense', so it reads almost as 'my prayer, as incense' or 'my prayer, an incense'.
Proverbs · 1
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Proverbs 27:9 וּ֭קְטֹרֶת and perfume
Oil and incense bring joy to the heart, and the counsel of a friend is sweetness to the soul.
Here: Fragrant smoke from burning aromatic resins and spices. Here it is the household kind used to scent a room or a feast, not temple incense.
Isaiah · 1
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Isaiah 1:13 קְטֹ֧רֶת incense
Bring your worthless offerings no more; your incense is detestable to Me. New Moons, Sabbaths, and convocations—I cannot endure iniquity in a solemn assembly.
Here: The fragrant smoke rising from the altar. It was the most 'pleasing' part of worship, meant to rise to God. It stands first in its clause for emphasis: 'Incense, it is an abomination to me.'
Ezekiel · 3
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Ezekiel 8:11 הַקְּטֹ֖רֶת <the> incense
Before them stood seventy elders of the house of Israel, with Jaazaniah son of Shaphan standing among them. Each had a censer in his hand, and a fragrant cloud of incense was rising.
Here: The exact phrase "the cloud of the incense" appears in Leviticus 16:13, where the high priest's incense veils the ark so that he does not die. Its use here reads like a grim parody.
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Ezekiel 16:18 וּקְטָרְתִּ֔י and incense my
You took your embroidered garments to cover them, and you set My oil and incense before them.
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Ezekiel 23:41 וּקְטָרְתִּ֥י and incense my
You sat on a couch of luxury with a table spread before it, on which you had set My incense and My oil,
Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.