Hebrew word · H7810

שֹׁ֫חַד

shochad

bribe

A payment given to influence a decision. Usually that means a bribe to a judge (Exod 23:8; Deut 16:19; 27:25). It can also mean a payment to buy off a foreign power (1 Kgs 15:19; 2 Kgs 16:8). The word is never used for a neutral present.

Appears 23 times in 21 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·

What it means

present, bribe

Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).

In depth

From the study of Isaiah 1:23

Range of meaning

A payment given to influence a decision. Usually that means a bribe to a judge (Exod 23:8; Deut 16:19; 27:25). It can also mean a payment to buy off a foreign power (1 Kgs 15:19; 2 Kgs 16:8). The word is never used for a neutral present.

Against the English

KJV 'gifts' makes it sound harmless to a modern ear. Most modern versions rightly say 'bribe(s)'.

How it drifted

'Gift' in older English could cover a payment to an official. Modern readers hear a birthday present.

Used elsewhere in the period

Exod 23:8 / Deut 16:19: 'a bribe blinds the eyes of the wise and twists the words of the righteous.' Deut 10:17 says Israel's God 'shows no partiality and takes no bribe'. Bribery in court is also condemned throughout Mesopotamian law and wisdom texts.

From the study of Isaiah 5:23

Range of meaning

A gift given to win someone's favour. Mostly it means a bribe to sway a judge or official. Sometimes it is a gift to calm anger or buy someone off (Proverbs 21:14; 1 Kings 15:19, of tribute paid to a foreign king).

Against the English

BSB, WEB and YLT say 'a bribe'. KJV's 'reward' (a translation of ʿeqev, with the idea of a payoff) can sound innocent to modern ears.

Used elsewhere in the period

Exodus 23:8 and Deuteronomy 16:19: 'a bribe blinds the eyes of the wise and twists the words of the righteous.' Deuteronomy 10:17: God 'takes no bribe'. Deuteronomy 27:25: 'Cursed is the one who takes a bribe to strike down an innocent life.' Isaiah 1:23: Jerusalem's rulers all 'love a bribe and chase after gifts'. Also Micah 3:11 and Amos 5:12. Bribing judges is condemned all over the ancient Near East, for example in Mesopotamian hymns to the sun-god Shamash, the god of justice.

From the study of Proverbs 6:35

Range of meaning

A payment given to change someone's decision or attitude. It covers: (1) a bribe to a judge or official to pervert justice (Exod 23:8; Deut 16:19; 1 Sam 8:3; Isa 1:23); (2) political payment or tribute to buy an ally (1 Kgs 15:19; 2 Kgs 16:8); (3) a gift to turn aside anger (Prov 21:14). Proverbs can describe it neutrally, as something that works (17:8; 18:16 uses another word), and also condemns it (17:23).

Against the English

KJV, WEB, NASB and ESV say 'gifts', BSB 'lavish gifts', NIV and YLT 'bribe(s)'. 'Gifts' is too soft, since this is a payment meant to get something. 'Bribe' can make modern readers think only of corrupting a judge, but here it is money offered privately to the injured party to drop his claim.

Used elsewhere in the period

Prov 21:14 is the background this verse plays against: 'a gift in secret turns aside anger, and a shochad in the bosom, strong wrath.' Usually a bribe does calm wrath. Prov 6:35 says this anger is the exception. Deut 10:17 pairs 'take shochad' with 'lift the face', the same pair found in this verse.

Where it appears

Exodus · 2
  1. Exodus 23:8 וְשֹׁ֖חַד הַשֹּׁ֙חַד֙ and a bribe, <the> bribe

    Do not accept a bribe, for a bribe blinds those who see and twists the words of the righteous.

    Here: A payment or present given to get a favourable decision. The noun comes first for emphasis: 'and a bribe, you must not take it.' The 'and' ties this to the run of courtroom laws in verses 1–7.

Deuteronomy · 4
  1. Deuteronomy 10:17 שֹֽׁחַד׃ a bribe

    For the LORD your God is God of gods and Lord of lords, the great, mighty, and awesome God, showing no partiality and accepting no bribe.

    Here: A payment or present given to win a favourable decision. Israel's law condemns it again and again because it 'blinds the clear-sighted' (Exod 23:8).

  2. Deuteronomy 16:19 שֹׁ֔חַד הַשֹּׁ֗חַד a bribe, the bribe

    Do not deny justice or show partiality. Do not accept a bribe, for a bribe blinds the eyes of the wise and twists the words of the righteous.

    Here: A payment or 'present' given to someone with power over your case. It may be called a gift, but its purpose is to tilt a decision.

  3. Deuteronomy 27:25 שֹׁ֔חַד a bribe

    ‘Cursed is he who accepts a bribe to kill an innocent person.’ And let all the people say, ‘Amen!’

    Here: A payment or gift given to get a decision or act that goes against justice. It is not a fair wage or a reward. In the Torah it belongs to the language of the courts: a bribe 'blinds the eyes of the wise' (Deut 16:19).

1 Samuel · 1
  1. 1 Samuel 8:3 שֹׁ֔חַד a bribe

    But his sons did not walk in his ways; they turned aside toward dishonest gain, accepting bribes and perverting justice.

    Here: A payment or gift given to a judge to win a ruling. The Torah says such a gift 'blinds' the judge.

1 Kings · 1
  1. 1 Kings 15:19 שֹׁ֙חַד֙ a gift

    “Let there be a treaty between me and you as there was between my father and your father. See, I have sent you a gift of silver and gold. Now go and break your treaty with Baasha king of Israel, so that he will withdraw from me.”

2 Kings · 1
  1. 2 Kings 16:8 שֹֽׁחַד׃ a gift

    Ahaz also took the silver and gold found in the house of the LORD and in the treasuries of the king’s palace, and he sent it as a gift to the king of Assyria.

2 Chronicles · 1
  1. 2 Chronicles 19:7 שֹֽׁחַד׃ a bribe

    And now, may the fear of the LORD be upon you. Be careful what you do, for with the LORD our God there is no injustice or partiality or bribery.”

    Here: A payment or present given to sway a decision. The Law warns that it 'blinds the clear-sighted' (Exodus 23:8).

Job · 1
  1. Job 15:34 שֹֽׁחַד׃ a bribe

    For the company of the godless will be barren, and fire will consume the tents of bribery.

    Here: A gift given to bend a judgment. 'Tents of bribery' are homes built and enriched by taking such payments, the houses of the corrupt powerful.

Psalms · 2
  1. Psalm 15:5 וְשֹׁ֥חַד and a bribe

    who lends his money without interest and refuses a bribe against the innocent. He who does these things will never be shaken.

    Here: "And a bribe." A payment meant to bend a decision. Here it is a judicial payoff, as the next words show. The word comes first in its clause, matching "his silver" in the first clause.

  2. Psalm 26:10 שֹּֽׁחַד׃ a bribe

    in whose hands are wicked schemes, whose right hands are full of bribes.

    Here: A gift given to get a favorable outcome, especially in a court case or before an official. In Israel's law it was the classic tool for twisting justice and condemning the innocent.

Proverbs · 4
  1. Proverbs 6:35 שֹֽׁחַד׃ פ a bribe

    He will not be appeased by any ransom, or persuaded by lavish gifts.

    Here: A payment given to change someone's decision: to sway a judge, buy off an enemy, or calm someone's anger. Here it is the hush-money or settlement the adulterer offers the husband to drop his claim.

  2. Proverbs 17:8 הַ֭שֹּׁחַד the bribe

    A bribe is a charm to its giver; wherever he turns, he succeeds.

    Here: "The bribe": a payment given to sway a decision, usually a judge's or an official's. The word is not neutral. The Law forbids it (Exod 23:8; Deut 16:19), and three verses later Proverbs condemns taking one (17:23). It is the subject of the sentence.

  3. Proverbs 17:23 שֹׁ֣חַד a bribe

    A wicked man takes a covert bribe to subvert the course of justice.

    Here: A payment slipped to someone with power so that he will act for the payer. It comes first in the Hebrew for emphasis: the bribe is what the line is about.

  4. Proverbs 21:14 וְשֹׁ֥חַד and a bribe

    A gift in secret soothes anger, and a covert bribe pacifies great wrath.

Isaiah · 4
  1. Isaiah 1:23 שֹׁ֔חַד a bribe

    Your rulers are rebels, friends of thieves. They all love bribes and chasing after rewards. They do not defend the fatherless, and the plea of the widow never comes before them.

    Here: 'A bribe.' This is a payment given to bend a verdict, which the Torah strictly forbids to judges (Exod 23:8; Deut 16:19).

  2. Isaiah 5:23 שֹׁ֑חַד a bribe

    who acquit the guilty for a bribe and deprive the innocent of justice.

    Here: A payment given to bend a decision. The Torah bans it in court outright (Exodus 23:8; Deuteronomy 16:19), and here it is the price of the verdict.

  3. Isaiah 33:15 בַּשֹּׁ֔חַד on <the> bribe

    He who walks righteously and speaks with sincerity, who refuses gain from extortion, whose hand never takes a bribe, who stops his ears against murderous plots and shuts his eyes tightly against evil—

    Here: 'The bribe': a payment given to sway a judge, official or witness. The Law forbade it because it 'blinds the eyes' of those who judge (Exodus 23:8; Deuteronomy 16:19).

  4. Isaiah 45:13 בְשֹׁ֔חַד for a bribe

    I will raise up Cyrus in righteousness, and I will make all his ways straight. He will rebuild My city and set My exiles free, but not for payment or reward, says the LORD of Hosts.”

    Here: 'For a bribe': a payment meant to buy someone's action or favour, used in courtrooms and also for tribute sent to foreign kings to get them to act. No one pays Cyrus off. He acts because God moved him.

Ezekiel · 1
  1. Ezekiel 22:12 שֹׁ֥חַד a bribe

    In you they take bribes to shed blood. You engage in usury, take excess interest, and extort your neighbors. But Me you have forgotten, declares the Lord GOD.

    Here: A payment given to sway a judge, witness or official. It comes first in the Hebrew sentence for emphasis: a bribe is what they took.

Micah · 1
  1. Micah 3:11 בְּשֹׁ֣חַד for a bribe

    Her leaders judge for a bribe, her priests teach for a price, and her prophets practice divination for money. Yet they lean upon the LORD, saying, “Is not the LORD among us? No disaster can come upon us.”

    Here: “For a bribe”: a payment given to tilt a ruling. The Torah forbids it outright (Exod 23:8; Deut 16:19), and Yahweh himself “takes no bribe” (Deut 10:17). Placed first in the clause for emphasis.

Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.