Hebrew word · H7922
שֵׂ֫כֶל
sekhel
understanding
From the root śkl: 'to look at attentively, have insight, act prudently,' and in the causative form 'to succeed, prosper' (Joshua 1:8; 1 Samuel 18:14–15). The noun means insight, good sense, prudence, and by association the success and esteem it brings.
Appears 16 times in 16 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·
What it means
1) prudence, insight, understanding
1a) prudence, good sense
1b) insight, understanding
1c) cunning, craft (bad sense)
Aramaic equivalent: sokh.le.ta.nu (שׇׂכְלְתָנוּ "insight" H7924)
Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).
In depth
From the study of Proverbs 3:4
- Range of meaning
From the root śkl: 'to look at attentively, have insight, act prudently,' and in the causative form 'to succeed, prosper' (Joshua 1:8; 1 Samuel 18:14–15). The noun means insight, good sense, prudence, and by association the success and esteem it brings. Proverbs 12:8 says 'a man is praised according to his śēkel.' Abigail is 'good of śēkel,' meaning sensible and astute (1 Samuel 25:3).
- Against the English
Translations split three ways. Some keep the inner quality: KJV/WEB/YLT 'good understanding.' Some give how others see it: BSB 'high regard,' NASB 'good repute,' NIV 'a good name,' NLT 'a good reputation.' ESV gives the outcome: 'good success.' Each brings out one strand of a word that holds all three.
- How it drifted
KJV's 'good understanding' was natural in 1611 for sound judgment. Today 'a good understanding' usually means a mutual agreement ('we have a good understanding') or intellectual grasp. Neither is quite the Hebrew picture of shrewd, effective good sense that earns respect.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Proverbs 13:15 has almost the same pairing: 'Good sense (śēkel ṭôb) wins favor (ḥēn).' There good sense is what produces favor. Psalm 111:10: 'all who practice them have good sense.' 2 Chronicles 30:22 praises Levites 'who showed good skill.' The Septuagint here did not translate the phrase directly (see textual notes).
From the study of Proverbs 19:11
- Range of meaning
Insight, prudence, good sense, and the success that comes from it. It comes from the verb sakal: to look at something closely, to act wisely, to succeed. It is practical, results-oriented understanding of how life works, not book learning. It can also mean cunning in a bad sense (Dan 8:25).
- Against the English
KJV 'discretion' and WEB 'discretion' once meant the ability to discern, but today the word suggests tact or keeping a secret. BSB/NASB 'insight', ESV 'good sense' and NIV 'wisdom' are all fair. 'Wisdom' is a little broad, because Proverbs has a separate main word for wisdom (chokmah).
- How it drifted
English 'discretion' narrowed from 'power of discerning' to 'prudent reserve, confidentiality' over the last few centuries.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Proverbs 3:4 ('good sekel in the sight of God and man'), 12:8 (a man is praised according to his sekel), 13:15 ('good sekel wins favour'), 16:22 ('sekel is a fountain of life to its owner'). Also 1 Sam 25:3, where Abigail is 'good of sekel'. In that story she calms David's anger and keeps him from taking revenge, which makes it a narrative picture of this very proverb.
From the study of Proverbs 13:15
- Range of meaning
Insight, prudence, good sense, discretion. The related verb (śākhal) means to act wisely or to succeed (Joshua 1:8). The word covers both understanding a situation and handling it well.
- Against the English
'Understanding' (KJV, BSB, WEB) can sound like purely mental grasp. 'Good sense' (ESV, NRSV) and 'good judgment' (NIV) better capture its practical, social side.
- Used elsewhere in the period
1 Samuel 25:3 (Abigail, 'good sekhel'); Proverbs 3:4 ('favor and good sekhel'); 12:8 ('a man is praised according to his sekhel'); 16:22 ('sekhel is a fountain of life'); Psalm 111:10.
Where it appears
1 Samuel · 1
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1 Samuel 25:3 שֶׂ֙כֶל֙ insight
His name was Nabal, and his wife’s name was Abigail. She was an intelligent and beautiful woman, but her husband, a Calebite, was harsh and evil in his dealings.
1 Chronicles · 2
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1 Chronicles 22:12 שֵׂ֣כֶל insight
Above all, may the LORD give you insight and understanding when He puts you in command over Israel, so that you may keep the Law of the LORD your God.
Here: Practical insight that sees how things work and so acts in a way that succeeds. The root also gives the verb for 'act wisely, prosper' used in Moses-to-Joshua and David-to-Solomon charges, so the word already carries the idea of insight that leads somewhere.
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1 Chronicles 26:14 בְּשֶׂ֗כֶל with insight
The lot for the East Gate fell to Shelemiah. Then lots were cast for his son Zechariah, a wise counselor, and the lot for the North Gate fell to him.
2 Chronicles · 2
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2 Chronicles 2:12 שֵׂ֣כֶל insight
And Hiram added: “Blessed be the LORD, the God of Israel, who made the heavens and the earth! He has given King David a wise son with insight and understanding, who will build a temple for the LORD and a royal palace for himself.
Here: Practical good sense that leads to sound decisions and success. It is the same word David used when he prayed for Solomon in 1 Chronicles 22:12.
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2 Chronicles 30:22 שֵֽׂכֶל־ understanding
And Hezekiah encouraged all the Levites who performed skillfully before the LORD. For seven days they ate their assigned portion, sacrificing peace offerings and giving thanks to the LORD, the God of their fathers.
Here: The noun from the same root as the verb before it ('showing insight [with] insight'). The repetition emphasises the point: their competence was real and practical.
Ezra · 1
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Ezra 8:18 שֶׂ֔כֶל insight
And since the gracious hand of our God was upon us, they brought us Sherebiah—a man of insight from the descendants of Mahli son of Levi, the son of Israel—along with his sons and brothers, 18 men;
Nehemiah · 1
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Nehemiah 8:8 שֶׂ֔כֶל [the] sense
So they read from the Book of the Law of God, explaining it and giving insight, so that the people could understand what was being read.
Job · 1
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Job 17:4 מִּשָּׂ֑כֶל from understanding
You have closed their minds to understanding; therefore You will not exalt them.
Psalms · 1
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Psalm 111:10 שֵׂ֣כֶל an understanding
The fear of the LORD is the beginning of wisdom; all who follow His precepts gain rich understanding. His praise endures forever!
Here: Practical insight that also brings good results. The verb from the same root means both 'act wisely' and 'prosper'. This word opens the shin line of the alphabet pattern.
Proverbs · 6
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Proverbs 3:4 וְשֵֽׂכֶל־ and insight
Then you will find favor and high regard in the sight of God and man.
Here: Practical good sense, the kind of shrewd competence that handles life well and usually succeeds. Paired with 'favor' and 'in the eyes of,' it most likely means being seen as a person of good sense, so a good reputation for wisdom. The word's own connotation of success also comes along with it.
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Proverbs 12:8 שִׂ֭כְלוֹ prudence his
A man is praised according to his wisdom, but a twisted mind is despised.
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Proverbs 13:15 שֵֽׂכֶל־ insight
Good understanding wins favor, but the way of the faithless is difficult.
Here: Practical good sense: knowing how to act well with people and situations. It is the word used for Abigail, the woman 'of good sekhel' who calmed David down in 1 Samuel 25:3. It is practical skill more than book learning.
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Proverbs 16:22 שֵׂ֣כֶל [the] prudence of
Understanding is a fountain of life to its possessor, but the discipline of fools is folly.
Here: Practical, clear-sighted good sense that sees how things work and acts so they turn out well. The grammatical subject of the first line. It is not book learning, and it carries the idea of success that comes from acting wisely.
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Proverbs 19:11 שֵׂ֣כֶל [the] prudence of
A man’s insight gives him patience, and his virtue is to overlook an offense.
Here: Practical insight: the ability to see what a situation really is and how it will turn out. It is the subject of the first line. This insight is what makes a person slow to anger.
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Proverbs 23:9 לְשֵׂ֣כֶל <to> [the] insight of
Do not speak to a fool, for he will despise the wisdom of your words.
Here: The 'lĕ-' marks what is despised, which is normal with this verb. Śēkel is practical insight, the kind of good sense that helps a person succeed. The very quality that makes your words valuable is what the fool scorns.
Daniel · 1
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Daniel 8:25 שִׂכְל֗וֹ insight his
Through his craft and by his hand, he will cause deceit to prosper, and in his own mind he will make himself great. In a time of peace he will destroy many, and he will even stand against the Prince of princes. Yet he will be broken off, but not by human hands.
Here: His cleverness or shrewdness. Elsewhere this word is often praised as good sense, but here the skill serves deceit. It picks up 8:23, where the king "understands riddles", meaning he is a master of double-dealing.
Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.