Hebrew word · H8144
שָׁנִי
shani
scarlet
Scarlet or crimson, specifically the dye and the cloth dyed with it. It often appears in the phrase tola'at shani, 'scarlet worm' (Exod 25:4; Lev 14:4).
Appears 42 times in 42 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·
What it means
1) scarlet, crimson
1a) properly, the insect 'coccus ilicis', the dried body of the female yielding colouring matter from which is made the dye used for cloth to colour it scarlet or crimson
Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).
In depth
- Range of meaning
Scarlet or crimson, specifically the dye and the cloth dyed with it. It often appears in the phrase tola'at shani, 'scarlet worm' (Exod 25:4; Lev 14:4). It marked costly, high-status textiles (2 Sam 1:24; Prov 31:21; Jer 4:30) and was used in tabernacle hangings and in purification rites (Lev 14:4–6; Num 19:6).
- Against the English
'Scarlet' in English is just a bright colour, and some modern readers hear 'scarlet woman' or 'scarlet letter'. Isaiah's hearers would have thought of a dyer's product: a deep red worked into the fibre.
- How it drifted
The 'scarlet' = sexual sin association comes from later English culture (e.g., Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter, 1850; KJV Rev 17). It is not part of Isaiah's image.
- Used elsewhere in the period
The insect dye (from Kermes scale insects on oak) was valued because it was deep and colourfast, and was traded across the Mediterranean and Levant. Dyed textiles are attested in the Bible and in Iron Age finds.
From the study of Proverbs 31:21
- Range of meaning
Scarlet or crimson, the brilliant red dye made from kermes scale insects (often called tōlaʿat šānî, 'worm of scarlet'). By extension, thread, yarn or cloth dyed with it. The plural šānîm means scarlet garments or stuffs.
- Against the English
English 'scarlet' names a colour. The Hebrew names a costly dyed material. Translations that keep 'scarlet' are accurate but leave modern readers asking how a colour keeps anyone warm. NLT's 'warm clothes' keeps the function and drops the luxury and colour. The Vulgate's 'double garments' follows a different vowel reading.
- How it drifted
English hearers tend to take 'scarlet' as a colour word only, and through Isaiah 1:18 and later idioms like 'scarlet woman' it can sound moral or symbolic. Here it is about textiles.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Kermes scarlet is used throughout the tabernacle textiles (Exod 25:4; 26:1; 28:5-6), usually with blue, purple and fine linen. It marks luxury in 2 Sam 1:24 (Saul 'clothed you in scarlet, with finery') and Jer 4:30, and appears as a scarlet thread in Gen 38:28 and Josh 2:18. The same plural form šānîm occurs in Isa 1:18 ('though your sins are like scarlet'). The dye came from female insects on the kermes oak (Quercus coccifera), which grows in the Levant. Ancient dyers worked mainly in wool, since linen takes such dyes poorly.
From the study of Jeremiah 4:30
- Range of meaning
Crimson or scarlet dye made from the kermes scale insect (often in the phrase tola'at shani, 'worm of scarlet'), and cloth dyed with it. It was expensive, a mark of wealth, royalty and luxury, and was also used in the tabernacle hangings and priestly garments.
- Against the English
'Scarlet' (BSB, WEB, YLT), 'crimson' (KJV). Both are accurate.
- How it drifted
English 'scarlet woman' (from Revelation 17's woman in purple and scarlet and later literature) makes scarlet sound like the set colour of prostitution. In Israel, scarlet was the colour of costly finery in general.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Saul 'clothed you in scarlet, with luxury' (2 Sam 1:24); the capable wife's household is clothed in scarlet (Prov 31:21); tabernacle fabrics (Exod 26:1); Isaiah 1:18 ('though your sins are like scarlet'). Rahab's scarlet cord (Josh 2:18) is a sign for the spies, not a trade sign.
Where it appears
Genesis · 2
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Genesis 38:28 שָׁנִי֙ a scarlet thread
And as she was giving birth, one of them put out his hand; so the midwife took a scarlet thread and tied it around his wrist. “This one came out first,” she announced.
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Genesis 38:30 הַשָּׁנִ֑י the scarlet thread
Then his brother came out with the scarlet thread around his wrist, and he was named Zerah.
Exodus · 26
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Exodus 25:4 שָׁנִ֖י scarlet
blue, purple, and scarlet yarn; fine linen and goat hair;
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Exodus 26:1 שָׁנִ֔י scarlet
“You are to construct the tabernacle itself with ten curtains of finely spun linen, each with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and cherubim skillfully worked into them.
Here: 'Scarlet'. Together with the previous word it means 'crimson-worm (yarn)', the brilliant red yarn.
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Exodus 26:31 שָׁנִ֖י scarlet
Make a veil of blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and finely spun linen, with cherubim skillfully worked into it.
Here: Bright crimson. Together with the previous word: 'crimson-dyed yarn', the third of the three luxury dyed wools.
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Exodus 26:36 שָׁנִ֖י scarlet
For the entrance to the tent, you are to make a curtain embroidered with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and finely spun linen.
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Exodus 27:16 שָׁנִ֛י scarlet
The gate of the courtyard shall be twenty cubits long, with a curtain embroidered with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and finely spun linen. It shall have four posts and four bases.
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Exodus 28:5 הַשָּׁנִ֖י the scarlet
They shall use gold, along with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and fine linen.
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Exodus 28:6 שָׁנִ֛י scarlet
They are to make the ephod of finely spun linen embroidered with gold, and with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn.
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Exodus 28:8 שָׁנִ֖י scarlet
And the skillfully woven waistband of the ephod must be of one piece, of the same workmanship—with gold, with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and with finely spun linen.
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Exodus 28:15 שָׁנִ֛י scarlet
You are also to make a breastpiece of judgment with the same workmanship as the ephod. Construct it with gold, with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and with finely spun linen.
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Exodus 28:33 שָׁנִ֔י scarlet
Make pomegranates of blue, purple, and scarlet yarn all the way around the lower hem, with gold bells between them,
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Exodus 35:6 שָׁנִ֖י scarlet
blue, purple, and scarlet yarn; fine linen and goat hair;
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Exodus 35:23 שָׁנִ֖י scarlet
Everyone who had blue, purple, or scarlet yarn, or fine linen, goat hair, ram skins dyed red, or articles of fine leather, brought them.
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Exodus 35:25 הַשָּׁנִ֖י the scarlet
Every skilled woman spun with her hands and brought what she had spun: blue, purple, or scarlet yarn, or fine linen.
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Exodus 35:35 הַשָּׁנִ֛י the scarlet
He has filled them with skill to do all kinds of work as engravers, designers, embroiderers in blue, purple, and scarlet yarn and fine linen, and as weavers—as artistic designers of every kind of craft.
Here: Bright crimson, completing the phrase 'scarlet-worm [yarn].' It is the third of the three sacred dyed yarns.
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Exodus 36:8 שָׁנִ֔י scarlet
All the skilled craftsmen among the workmen made the ten curtains for the tabernacle. They were made of finely spun linen, as well as blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, with cherubim skillfully worked into them.
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Exodus 36:35 שָׁנִ֖י scarlet
Next, he made the veil of blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and finely spun linen, with cherubim skillfully worked into it.
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Exodus 36:37 שָׁנִ֖י scarlet
For the entrance to the tent, he made a curtain embroidered with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and finely spun linen,
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Exodus 38:18 שָׁנִ֖י scarlet
The curtain for the entrance to the courtyard was embroidered with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and finely spun linen. It was twenty cubits long and, like the curtains of the courtyard, five cubits high,
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Exodus 38:23 הַשָּׁנִ֖י the scarlet
With him was Oholiab son of Ahisamach, of the tribe of Dan, an engraver, designer, and embroiderer in blue, purple, and scarlet yarn and fine linen.
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Exodus 39:1 הַשָּׁנִ֔י the scarlet
From the blue, purple, and scarlet yarn they made specially woven garments for ministry in the sanctuary, as well as the holy garments for Aaron, just as the LORD had commanded Moses.
Here: The brilliant crimson colour or the yarn dyed with it. Together, 'worm of the scarlet' is the standard name for this dyed material.
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Exodus 39:2 שָׁנִ֖י scarlet
Bezalel made the ephod of finely spun linen embroidered with gold, and with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn.
Here: The brilliant red colour, or the dyed material itself. Together with the previous word it means crimson yarn dyed with kermes (insect) dye.
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Exodus 39:3 הַשָּׁנִ֖י the scarlet
They hammered out thin sheets of gold and cut threads from them to interweave with the blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and fine linen—the work of a skilled craftsman.
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Exodus 39:5 שָׁנִ֖י scarlet
And the skillfully woven waistband of the ephod was of one piece with the ephod, of the same workmanship—with gold, with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and with finely spun linen, just as the LORD had commanded Moses.
Here: Brilliant crimson. Together with the previous word it means 'crimson yarn'.
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Exodus 39:8 שָׁנִ֖י scarlet
He made the breastpiece with the same workmanship as the ephod, with gold, with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and with finely spun linen.
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Exodus 39:24 שָׁנִ֑י scarlet
They made pomegranates of blue, purple, and scarlet yarn and finely spun linen on the lower hem of the robe.
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Exodus 39:29 שָׁנִ֖י scarlet
and the sash of finely spun linen, embroidered with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, just as the LORD had commanded Moses.
Leviticus · 5
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Leviticus 14:4 וּשְׁנִ֥י and scarlet of
the priest shall order that two live clean birds, cedar wood, scarlet yarn, and hyssop be brought for the one to be cleansed.
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Leviticus 14:6 שְׁנִ֥י [the] scarlet of
And he is to take the live bird together with the cedar wood, scarlet yarn, and hyssop, and dip them into the blood of the bird that was slaughtered over the fresh water.
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Leviticus 14:49 וּשְׁנִ֥י and scarlet of
He is to take two birds, cedar wood, scarlet yarn, and hyssop to purify the house;
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Leviticus 14:51 שְׁנִ֣י [the] scarlet of
Then he shall take the cedar wood, the hyssop, the scarlet yarn, and the live bird, dip them in the blood of the slaughtered bird and the fresh water, and sprinkle the house seven times.
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Leviticus 14:52 וּבִשְׁנִ֥י and with [the] scarlet of
And he shall cleanse the house with the bird’s blood, the fresh water, the live bird, the cedar wood, the hyssop, and the scarlet yarn.
Numbers · 2
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Numbers 4:8 שָׁנִ֔י scarlet
And they shall spread a scarlet cloth over them, cover them with fine leather, and insert the poles.
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Numbers 19:6 וּשְׁנִ֣י and scarlet of
The priest is to take cedar wood, hyssop, and scarlet wool and throw them onto the burning heifer.
Joshua · 2
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Joshua 2:18 הַשָּׁנִ֨י the scarlet
unless, when we enter the land, you have tied this scarlet cord in the window through which you let us down, and unless you have brought your father and mother and brothers and all your family into your house.
Here: A deep red dye made from an insect, and the costly material dyed with it. A vivid red line would stand out against a mud-brick wall, so the army outside could spot it.
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Joshua 2:21 הַשָּׁנִ֖י the scarlet
“Let it be as you say,” she replied, and she sent them away. And when they had gone, she tied the scarlet cord in the window.
Here: "The scarlet." This is the costly red dye, or yarn dyed with it. Verse 18 has the fuller phrase "this cord of scarlet thread", so the object is a cord made of red-dyed thread that can be seen from a distance.
2 Samuel · 1
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2 Samuel 1:24 שָׁנִי֙ scarlet
O daughters of Israel, weep for Saul, who clothed you in scarlet and luxury, who decked your garments with ornaments of gold.
Proverbs · 1
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Proverbs 31:21 שָׁנִֽים׃ scarlet<s>
When it snows, she has no fear for her household, for they are all clothed in scarlet.
Here: Plural: 'scarlets', meaning garments of scarlet-dyed material, which in practice meant fine dyed wool. It points to warmth and to quality and status together. On the alternative reading 'double', see the textual notes.
Song of Songs · 1
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Song of Songs 4:3 הַשָּׁנִי֙ <the> scarlet
Your lips are like a scarlet ribbon, and your mouth is lovely. Your brow behind your veil is like a slice of pomegranate.
Here: The deep red made from the kermes insect, an expensive dye. It gives the lips a vivid red and adds a feel of luxury.
Isaiah · 1
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Isaiah 1:18 כַּשָּׁנִים֙ like <the> scarlet
“Come now, let us reason together,” says the LORD. “Though your sins are like scarlet, they will be as white as snow; though they are as red as crimson, they will become like wool.
Here: "Like scarlet [things]". The plural most naturally means scarlet-dyed cloth or garments (compare Prov 31:21). The picture is fabric soaked in a deep red that will not wash out.
Jeremiah · 1
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Jeremiah 4:30 שָׁנִ֜י scarlet
And you, O devastated one, what will you do, though you dress yourself in scarlet, though you adorn yourself with gold jewelry, though you enlarge your eyes with paint? You adorn yourself in vain; your lovers despise you; they want to take your life.
Here: Costly crimson-dyed cloth, the dress of wealth and display (2 Sam 1:24). Here it is the finery of a woman dressing to attract.
Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.