Greek word · G1980

ἐπισκέπτομαι

episkeptomai

to visit/care for

To look upon, inspect, go to see. Then to look after, care for, take responsibility for. Used of God, it means to come to his people's aid, or to call to account.

Appears 11 times in 11 verses of the Greek New Testament. ·

What it means

ἐπι-σκέπτομαι

(late form of ἐπισκοπέω, which see), [in LXX very freq., chiefly for פָּקַד ;]

1. to inspect, examine.

2. (a) to visit: with accusative, Acts 7:23 15:36 (cf. Judges 15:1); especially, the sick and afflicted (as in MGr. and sometimes in cl.), Matthew 25:36, 43, James 1:27 (cf. Sirach 7:35);

(b) in LXX and NT (as פָּקַד in Genesis 21:1, Exodus 4:31, Psalms 8:5, al.), to visit with help, to care for: Luke 1:68, 78 7:16, Acts 15:14, Hebrews 2:6;

(with) to visit with punishment (Jeremiah 9:25, Psalms 89:33, al.; cf. MM, Exp., xiv; Cremer, 863).†

(AS)

From G. Abbott-Smith, A Manual Greek Lexicon of the New Testament (1922), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).

In depth

From the study of James 1:27

Range of meaning

To look upon, inspect, go to see. Then to look after, care for, take responsibility for. Used of God, it means to come to his people's aid, or to call to account. It translates Hebrew paqad (to attend to, take note of, intervene) throughout the Septuagint, the ancient Greek translation of the Old Testament.

Against the English

KJV/ESV/NASB "visit" was accurate in older English, which could mean "look after, attend to". Today "visit" suggests a social call or a short stop. NIV "look after" and BSB "care for" are closer.

How it drifted

English "visit" has narrowed over the centuries to "go and spend time with". The older sense of active oversight and intervention ("the Lord hath visited his people") survives mainly in Bible language.

Used elsewhere in the period

Gen 50:24 LXX: "God will surely visit you" (rescue from Egypt). Exod 3:16, 4:31. Ezek 34:11: the shepherd seeks out and looks after his sheep. Sirach 7:35: "do not hesitate to visit the sick". Luke 1:68: "he has visited and redeemed his people". Matt 25:36, 43: "I was sick and you visited me". Acts 15:14.

From the study of Luke 1:78

Range of meaning

To look at, inspect, go to see someone, look after them (used of visiting the sick in Matt 25:36). In the Greek Old Testament it translates Hebrew paqad, God 'attending to' a people or situation. This could mean intervening to rescue (Gen 50:24–25; Exod 3:16; 4:31; Ruth 1:6) or to punish.

Against the English

English 'visit' now suggests a social call. 'Come to us' (NIV) and 'break upon us' (NLT) keep the movement but lose the overtone of God personally stepping in, which an attentive Jewish hearer would catch.

How it drifted

English 'visit' was once used in this biblical sense ('the Lord visited Sarah,' 'visit iniquity'), but ordinary usage has narrowed to a friendly stop-by.

Used elsewhere in the period

LXX Gen 50:24 (Joseph: 'God will surely visit you and bring you up out of this land'); Exod 4:31 (the people believed that the LORD had visited Israel). Luke 1:68; 7:16 ('God has visited his people'); 19:44 ('the time of your visitation').

From the study of Hebrews 2:6

Range of meaning

BDAG: (1) to look at, inspect, examine; (2) to go to see someone with helpful intent, to visit (the sick, prisoners); (3) of God, to look upon with favour, intervene for. It is the Greek Old Testament's standard rendering of Hebrew paqad (HALOT: to look after, take note of, muster, appoint, call to account). Depending on context, paqad can bring rescue or judgment.

Against the English

KJV: 'visitest'; BSB, WEB, ESV: 'care for'; YLT: 'look after'. 'Care for' gets the kindness but can sound like a feeling. 'Visit' gets the action but now sounds like a social call.

How it drifted

KJV's 'visitest' follows the Latin Vulgate's 'visitas'. In 1611 'visit' still carried the biblical sense of a superior coming to inspect and act. Modern English has narrowed it to dropping by.

Used elsewhere in the period

'The LORD visited Sarah' and she conceived (Genesis 21:1). 'God will surely visit you' and bring you out of Egypt (Genesis 50:24). With a negative sense: 'in the day when I visit, I will visit their sin upon them' (Exodus 32:34). Job 7:17–18 turns Psalm 8 bitterly around: 'What is man… that you visit him every morning?' In the NT: 'he has visited and redeemed his people' (Luke 1:68); 'I was sick and you visited me' (Matthew 25:36); 'to visit orphans and widows' (James 1:27). Related words include episkopē ('visitation, oversight') and episkopos ('overseer').

Where it appears

Matthew · 2
  1. Matthew 25:36 ἐπεσκέψασθέ you visited

    I was naked and you clothed Me, I was sick and you looked after Me, I was in prison and you visited Me.’

    Here: To go and see someone so as to look after them: checking on them, seeing what they need, and meeting it. In the Greek Old Testament the same verb is used for God 'visiting' his people to help them. A courtesy call is too small a picture.

  2. Matthew 25:43 ἐπεσκέψασθέ did you visit

    I was a stranger and you did not take Me in, I was naked and you did not clothe Me, I was sick and in prison and you did not look after Me.’

Luke · 3
  1. Luke 1:68 ἐπεσκέψατο He has visited

    “Blessed be the Lord, the God of Israel, because He has visited and redeemed His people.

    Here: The Greek Bible's word for God turning his attention to his people and coming in to act on their behalf, as at the Exodus. Not a social call but a decisive intervention.

  2. Luke 1:78 ἐπισκέψεται will visit

    because of the tender mercy of our God, by which the Dawn will visit us from on high,

    Here: In the Greek Old Testament this is God 'visiting' his people: coming to see their condition and step in, usually to rescue them (Exod 3:16; 4:31). Here the tense is future, 'will visit,' and the verb echoes 1:68, 'he has visited and redeemed his people.'

  3. Luke 7:16 ἐπεσκέψατο Has visited

    A sense of awe swept over all of them, and they glorified God. “A great prophet has appeared among us!” they said. “God has visited His people!”

    Here: In Israel's scriptures, God 'visits' his people when he steps in to see their trouble and act on it, usually to rescue them (Exodus, Ruth). The crowd is saying God has personally come to attend to Israel.

Acts · 4
  1. Acts 6:3 ἐπισκέψασθε do select

    Therefore, brothers, select from among you seven men confirmed to be full of the Spirit and wisdom. We will assign this responsibility to them

    Here: A command to the whole assembly to look the community over carefully and pick out suitable people. The word means choosing after examination, not drawing names at random. It comes from the same family as episkopos, 'overseer'.

  2. Acts 7:23 ἐπισκέψασθαι to visit

    When Moses was forty years old, he decided to visit his brothers, the children of Israel.

  3. Acts 15:14 ἐπεσκέψατο visited

    Simon has told us how God first visited the Gentiles to take from them a people to be His own.

    Here: In Greek scripture this is the word for God 'visiting': stepping in to act on someone's behalf, as when he visited Israel in Egypt. Here it takes an infinitive directly ('visited / took care to take'). God personally stepped in, and this time it was among the nations.

  4. Acts 15:36 ἐπισκεψώμεθα let us look after

    Some time later Paul said to Barnabas, “Let us go back and visit the brothers in every town where we proclaimed the word of the Lord, to see how they are doing.”

    Here: 'Let us look in on.' This means going in person to see someone's condition and help them, with a sense of responsibility for them. It is more than a social call.

Hebrews · 1
  1. Hebrews 2:6 ἐπισκέπτῃ You care for

    But somewhere it is testified in these words: “What is man that You are mindful of him, or the son of man that You care for him?

    Here: 'You keep looking in on him.' Literally 'look upon', this is the Greek Bible's regular word for God 'visiting' people: coming to inspect, take notice and act, here clearly for their good. It is stronger than a feeling of concern.

James · 1
  1. James 1:27 ἐπισκέπτεσθαι to visit

    Pure and undefiled religion before our God and Father is this: to care for orphans and widows in their distress, and to keep oneself from being polluted by the world.

    Here: To go and see about someone and take responsibility for what you find: to look after, provide for, step in. The present tense means an ongoing practice, not a single call.

Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.