Greek word · G2836

κοιλία

koilia

belly/womb/stomach

The body's inner cavity: belly or stomach (Matt 15:17), womb (Luke 1:41; John 3:4), and by extension the inner person, the seat of feeling and desire (Rom 16:18; Phil 3:19).

Appears 22 times in 21 verses of the Greek New Testament. ·

What it means

κοιλία, -ας, ἡ

(κοῖλος, hollow), [in LXX chiefly for בֶּטֶן, מֵעֶה, קֶרֶב, Deuteronomy 7:13, 2 Samuel 7:12, Genesis 41:21, al.; also (Job 3:11 10:18 31:15 38:8) for רֶחֶם ;]

1. the belly (stomach or intestines or both): Matthew 12:40 15:17, Mark 7:19, Luke 15:16, Romans 16:18, 1 Corinthians 6:13, Philippians 3:19, Revelation 10:9-10.

2. (As often in LXX) the womb: Luke 1:41-42, 44 2:21 11:27 23:29, John 3:4; ἐκ κ. μητρός (cf. Psalms 22:11, Job 1:21, al.), Matthew 19:12, Luke 1:15, Acts 3:2 14:8, Galatians 1:15.

3. Metaphorical (as Heb. בֶּטֶן, cf. Job 15:35, Proverbs 20:27, Sirach 19:12), of the heart: John 7:38.†

(AS)

From G. Abbott-Smith, A Manual Greek Lexicon of the New Testament (1922), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).

In depth

From the study of John 7:38

Range of meaning

The body's inner cavity: belly or stomach (Matt 15:17), womb (Luke 1:41; John 3:4), and by extension the inner person, the seat of feeling and desire (Rom 16:18; Phil 3:19). The Greek Old Testament (the Septuagint) regularly uses it for Hebrew beten, 'belly, womb, inner parts', which in Hebrew poetry can hold God's law or a person's thoughts (Psalm 40:8, Greek 39:9: 'your law in the middle of my belly'; Proverbs 20:27).

Against the English

KJV and YLT keep 'belly'. ESV and NLT say 'heart'. NASB says 'innermost being'. BSB and WEB say 'from within'. 'Belly' keeps the physical, hollow-vessel picture but sounds crude to modern ears. 'Heart' sounds natural but moves the image into the modern emotional sense of 'heart', and loses the picture of water gushing out of a hollow.

How it drifted

English 'belly' sank into a merely anatomical or comic word. Translators replaced it with 'heart', which in modern English means mainly feelings, so the concrete picture of a spring bursting from a hollow is lost.

Used elsewhere in the period

In the Septuagint koilia renders beten dozens of times. Jewish tradition called Jerusalem and the Temple the 'navel' of the earth (Ezekiel 38:12; Jubilees 8:19; compare 1 Enoch 26:1). Some scholars have suggested koilia here echoes that idea of a centre from which waters flow (Ezekiel 47; Zechariah 14:8), but this is a conjecture. Proverbs 18:4 and Sirach 24:30–31 picture a wise person's inner self as a fountain or a channel from a river.

From the study of Matthew 12:40

Range of meaning

The body's inner cavity: belly, stomach, intestines, womb. By extension, a person's inward self.

Against the English

Nearly all English versions say 'belly', which is accurate.

Used elsewhere in the period

Greek Jonah 2:1 has 'in the belly (koilia) of the sea monster', and Jonah 2:3 has Jonah cry 'out of the belly (koilia) of Hades', translating Hebrew mibbeten she'ol, 'from the belly of Sheol'.

From the study of Philippians 3:19

Range of meaning

Literally the body cavity: belly, stomach, intestines, and also womb (Luke 1:41; John 3:4). By extension it means the inner person (John 7:38, 'out of his belly/innermost being'). In moral language it stands for bodily appetite as a ruling force.

Against the English

KJV, BSB, WEB and YLT say 'belly'. NIV says 'stomach', which narrows it to digestion and food. NASB and NLT say 'appetite', which keeps the wider idea of cravings in general.

How it drifted

Modern English 'belly' and 'stomach' are mainly anatomical. People tend to hear only 'gluttony', and the ancient use of 'belly' for self-serving appetite in general is lost.

Used elsewhere in the period

Paul uses the same idiom in Rom 16:18: troublemakers 'do not serve our Lord Christ but their own belly'. Sirach 23:6 LXX prays that 'the craving of the belly (koilias orexis) and sexual intercourse' may not overpower the speaker, putting the belly alongside sexual desire. With the near-synonym gastēr: 3 Maccabees 7:11 condemns Jews who broke God's commandments 'for the sake of the belly' (that is, abandoned the food laws), and in Euripides' Cyclops (c. 334–336) the monster boasts that he sacrifices to no god but himself 'and to this belly, greatest of divinities'. 'Slave of the belly' was a stock insult in Greek moral philosophy.

Where it appears

Matthew · 3
  1. Matthew 12:40 κοιλίᾳ belly

    For as Jonah was three days and three nights in the belly of the great fish, so the Son of Man will be three days and three nights in the heart of the earth.

    Here: The inner hollow of a body (stomach, abdomen, womb). Here it is the creature's insides. Greek Jonah 2:3 also uses it for 'the belly of Hades', the place of the dead, so the word already carries the sense of being swallowed by death.

  2. Matthew 15:17 κοιλίαν stomach

    “Do you not yet realize that whatever enters the mouth goes into the stomach and then is eliminated?

    Here: The abdominal cavity or digestive tract: the gut as a whole, not just the organ we call the stomach. The point is that food goes to the gut, not to the heart (Mark 7:19 says so explicitly).

  3. Matthew 19:12 κοιλίας womb

    For there are eunuchs who were born that way; others were made that way by men; and still others live like eunuchs for the sake of the kingdom of heaven. The one who can accept this should accept it.”

    Here: The mother's womb. 'From the womb' is a common biblical way of saying 'from birth' (e.g. Judges 16:17; Psalm 22:10).

Mark · 1
  1. Mark 7:19 κοιλίαν belly

    because it does not enter his heart, but it goes into the stomach and then is eliminated.” (Thus all foods are clean.)

Luke · 7
  1. Luke 1:15 κοιλίας [the] womb

    for he will be great in the sight of the Lord. He shall never take wine or strong drink, and he will be filled with the Holy Spirit even from his mother’s womb.

    Here: The general word for the body's cavity. With 'mother' it means womb, and it echoes biblical language about people chosen before birth (Judges 13:5; Jeremiah 1:5; Isaiah 49:1).

  2. Luke 1:41 κοιλίᾳ womb

    When Elizabeth heard Mary’s greeting, the baby leaped in her womb, and Elizabeth was filled with the Holy Spirit.

    Here: The body's inner cavity, here the womb. The word comes back in v.42, 'the fruit of your womb', and in v.44.

  3. Luke 1:42 κοιλίας womb

    In a loud voice she exclaimed, “Blessed are you among women, and blessed is the fruit of your womb!

    Here: 'Womb' (literally 'belly'). The same word was just used for Elizabeth's womb, where John leaped (v. 41), so the scene ties the two pregnancies together. Mary's pregnancy is only days or weeks old and cannot be seen.

  4. Luke 1:44 κοιλίᾳ womb

    For as soon as the sound of your greeting reached my ears, the baby in my womb leaped for joy.

  5. Luke 2:21 κοιλίᾳ. womb.

    When the eight days before His circumcision had passed, He was named Jesus, the name the angel had given Him before He was conceived.

    Here: 'Womb', a plain bodily word. Luke uses it often in chapters 1–2 (1:15, 31, 41, 42, 44), keeping the story rooted in real pregnancy and birth.

  6. Luke 11:27 κοιλία womb

    As Jesus was saying these things, a woman in the crowd raised her voice and said, “Blessed is the womb that bore You, and blessed are the breasts that nursed You!”

    Here: The womb. The part stands for the whole person: it means his mother, praised through the body that carried him.

  7. Luke 23:29 κοιλίαι wombs

    Look, the days are coming when people will say, ‘Blessed are the barren women, the wombs that never bore, and breasts that never nursed!’

    Here: Wombs. Speaking of women by their body parts is blunt and physical, and it keeps the focus on childbearing itself.

John · 2
  1. John 3:4 κοιλίαν womb

    “How can a man be born when he is old?” Nicodemus asked. “Can he enter his mother’s womb a second time to be born?”

    Here: The body cavity, and here specifically the womb. The image is deliberately physical and earthy.

  2. John 7:38 κοιλίας belly

    Whoever believes in Me, as the Scripture has said: ‘Streams of living water will flow from within him.’”

    Here: The hollow inside of the body: stomach, womb, the deep interior. In Hebrew-shaped speech it can also stand for the innermost self. Here it is a concrete picture of a hollow from which water gushes, like a spring or a cleft rock.

Acts · 2
  1. Acts 3:2 κοιλίας womb

    And a man who was lame from birth was being carried to the temple gate called Beautiful, where he was put every day to beg from those entering the temple courts.

    Here: With 'mother' it means 'womb'. The phrase is a Hebrew-flavoured way of saying 'from birth', and Luke uses it again for the lame man at Lystra (Acts 14:8).

  2. Acts 14:8 κοιλίας [the] womb

    In Lystra there sat a man crippled in his feet, who was lame from birth and had never walked.

    Here: 'Belly' or 'womb.' Together with 'of his mother' it forms a Biblical idiom meaning 'from birth,' and it says outright that the condition was congenital.

Romans · 1
  1. Romans 16:18 κοιλίᾳ, belly,

    For such people are not serving our Lord Christ, but their own appetites. By smooth talk and flattery they deceive the hearts of the naive.

    Here: 'Belly' was a common moral image for appetite and self-interest. These people are slaves to their own wants, which can include food, comfort, money and status. It is not only about overeating.

1 Corinthians · 2
  1. 1 Corinthians 6:13 κοιλίᾳ κοιλία belly

    “Food for the stomach and the stomach for food,” but God will destroy them both. The body is not intended for sexual immorality, but for the Lord, and the Lord for the body.

    Here: The stomach as the organ of appetite. 'Foods are for the belly' says food exists to meet that need, and there is nothing more to it.

Galatians · 1
  1. Galatians 1:15 κοιλίας [the] womb

    But when God, who set me apart from my mother’s womb and called me by His grace, was pleased

    Here: 'Womb'. With 'mother' it forms a set biblical phrase for one's birth, the phrase the prophets used of their own calls.

Philippians · 1
  1. Philippians 3:19 κοιλία belly

    Their end is destruction, their god is their belly, and their glory is in their shame. Their minds are set on earthly things.

    Here: The belly as the seat of bodily appetite. In Greek and Jewish moral writing, serving the belly meant being ruled by your own cravings and interests (food, drink, sex, comfort), not only overeating.

Revelation · 2
  1. Revelation 10:9 κοιλίαν, stomach,

    And I went to the angel and said, “Give me the small scroll.” “Take it and eat it,” he said. “It will make your stomach bitter, but in your mouth it will be as sweet as honey.”

    Here: Literally the abdomen, where the scroll ends up. In biblical idiom the belly is also the deep inner self where feelings and convictions sit, so the bitterness is felt inside the prophet and not only in his gut.

  2. Revelation 10:10 κοιλία stomach

    So I took the small scroll from the angel’s hand and ate it, and it was as sweet as honey in my mouth. But when I had eaten it, my stomach turned bitter.

    Here: The belly, meaning the inside of the body. In biblical idiom it is also the seat of deep feeling. The message has gone all the way in, and that is where the bitterness is felt.

Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.