Hebrew word · H5275
נַ֫עַל
na'al
sandal
Sandals; the dual form means 'a pair of sandals'. Sandals also played a part in legal symbolism: removing or handing over a sandal sealed transfers of property or rights.
Appears 22 times in 22 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·
What it means
sandal, shoe
Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).
In depth
- Range of meaning
Sandals; the dual form means 'a pair of sandals'. Sandals also played a part in legal symbolism: removing or handing over a sandal sealed transfers of property or rights.
- Against the English
KJV's 'shoes' is serviceable but suggests closed modern footwear. All major versions agree on 'a pair of sandals'. None can show the possible legal overtone.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Ruth 4:7: 'in former times in Israel … to confirm a transaction a man drew off his sandal and gave it to the other'. Deut 25:9–10: the sandal ceremony when a man refuses to perform levirate marriage (marrying his dead brother's widow). Ps 60:8: 'upon Edom I cast my sandal' (a claim of ownership). E. A. Speiser compared texts from Nuzi in Mesopotamia in which sandals or a token payment validated transfers. In court contexts: the LXX of 1 Sam 12:3 has Samuel ask from whom he took 'a ransom and a sandal', and Sirach 46:19 says of him that he took 'money and even sandals' from no one. Together these point to sandals as the smallest imaginable bribe.
From the study of Deuteronomy 29:5
- Range of meaning
A sandal: a sole of leather (sometimes wood or woven fibre) tied to the foot with thongs. It is also used in legal and symbolic acts.
- Against the English
KJV's 'shoe' suggests a modern enclosed shoe. BSB, ESV and WEB 'sandals' is right. Most English versions make it plural, losing the Hebrew singular 'your sandal… your foot'.
- How it drifted
In early modern English 'shoe' covered any footwear. Today it suggests a closed leather shoe, which ancient Israelites did not normally wear.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Exod 3:5 (take off your sandals on holy ground); Deut 25:9–10 and Ruth 4:7 (the sandal in property and family-duty ceremonies); Josh 9:5, 13 (the Gibeonites' worn and patched sandals); Amos 2:6 ('the needy for a pair of sandals', a byword for something cheap).
- Range of meaning
A sandal: a leather sole with thongs. Besides its ordinary use, the sandal carries symbolic weight. It can mark a legal transfer or claim (Ruth 4:7), shame or release from an obligation (Deut 25:9–10), and ownership or domination of land ('on Edom I cast my sandal,' Ps 60:8). Going barefoot marks mourning, humiliation or captivity (2 Sam 15:30; Isa 20:2–4).
- Against the English
KJV 'shoes' is the older general English word for footwear. Modern readers may picture closed shoes. 'Sandals' (BSB, WEB and most modern versions) is more exact.
- How it drifted
Not a real drift in meaning, only a change in what English 'shoe' calls to mind.
- Used elsewhere in the period
The closest parallel is Josh 5:15, where the commander of the LORD's army tells Joshua, 'Remove your sandal from your foot, for the place on which you are standing is holy.' The Mishnah (Berakhot 9:5) later forbids entering the Temple Mount 'with his staff, his sandals, his money-belt, or the dust on his feet,' and rabbinic tradition holds that priests served in the sanctuary barefoot. The tabernacle laws give priests detailed clothing but no footwear (Exod 28).
Where it appears
Genesis · 1
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Genesis 14:23 נַ֔עַל a sandal
that I will not accept even a thread, or a strap of a sandal, or anything that belongs to you, lest you should say, ‘I have made Abram rich.’
Exodus · 2
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Exodus 3:5 נְעָלֶ֙יךָ֙ sandals your
“Do not come any closer,” God said. “Take off your sandals, for the place where you are standing is holy ground.”
Here: Plural: both of his sandals. These were simple leather soles tied on with thongs, the ordinary footwear of a traveller or herdsman.
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Exodus 12:11 נַֽעֲלֵיכֶם֙ sandals your
This is how you are to eat it: You must be fully dressed for travel, with your sandals on your feet and your staff in your hand. You are to eat in haste; it is the LORD’s Passover.
Here: Leather sandals, normally taken off indoors and at meals. Wearing them at table is a deliberate oddity: these people are already dressed to go out the door.
Deuteronomy · 3
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Deuteronomy 25:9 נַעֲלוֹ֙ sandal his
his brother’s widow shall go up to him in the presence of the elders, remove his sandal, spit in his face, and declare, “This is what is done to the man who will not maintain his brother’s line.”
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Deuteronomy 25:10 הַנָּֽעַל׃ ס the sandal
And his family name in Israel will be called “The House of the Unsandaled.”
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Deuteronomy 29:5 וְנַֽעַלְךָ֥ and sandal your
For forty years I led you in the wilderness, yet your clothes and sandals did not wear out.
Here: A leather sole tied on with thongs. Here the address switches to a singular 'you', as if Moses were speaking to each listener, or to Israel as one person. Sandals were the first thing to give out on rough desert ground.
Joshua · 3
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Joshua 5:15 נַֽעַלְךָ֙ sandal your
The Commander of the LORD’s army replied, “Take off your sandals, for the place where you are standing is holy.” And Joshua did so.
Here: A leather sole tied on with thongs, the everyday footwear of the time. The Hebrew is singular. It may be a collective 'your footwear', but it differs from the plural at the bush (see debates).
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Joshua 9:5 וּנְעָל֨וֹת and sandals
They put worn, patched sandals on their feet and threadbare clothing on their bodies, and their whole supply of bread was dry and moldy.
Here: Ordinary leather sandals, the footwear of anyone who walked. The verse begins with the feet, the part of a traveller that shows the distance most plainly.
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Joshua 9:13 וּנְעָלֵ֔ינוּ and sandals our
These wineskins were new when we filled them, but look, they are cracked. And these clothes and sandals are worn out from our very long journey.”
Here: Leather-soled sandals tied on with thongs. Verse 5 says they were also 'patched', which makes the long-road story look true.
Ruth · 2
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Ruth 4:7 נַעֲל֖וֹ sandal his
Now in former times in Israel, concerning the redemption or exchange of property, to make any matter legally binding a man would remove his sandal and give it to the other party, and this was a confirmation in Israel.
Here: His own sandal, the thing that touches and treads the ground. That makes it a natural token for a claim to land.
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Ruth 4:8 נַעֲלֽוֹ׃ sandal his
So the kinsman-redeemer removed his sandal and said to Boaz, “Buy it for yourself.”
Here: The ordinary leather sandal. By verse 7 it is the token handed to the other party. 'His' most naturally means the redeemer's own sandal, though the Hebrew does not spell out the subject. Ancient rabbis argued over which man's sandal it was.
1 Kings · 1
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1 Kings 2:5 וּֽבְנַעֲל֖וֹ and on sandal[s] his
Moreover, you know what Joab son of Zeruiah did to me—what he did to Abner son of Ner and Amasa son of Jether, the two commanders of the armies of Israel. He killed them in peacetime to avenge the blood of war. He stained with the blood of war the belt around his waist and the sandals on his feet.
Here: "And on his sandal", singular in Hebrew but meaning his footwear in general. The blood reached down to his feet.
Psalms · 2
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Psalm 60:8 נַעֲלִ֑י sandal my
Moab is My washbasin; upon Edom I toss My sandal; over Philistia I shout in triumph.”
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Psalm 108:9 נַעֲלִ֑י sandal my
Moab is My washbasin; upon Edom I toss My sandal; over Philistia I shout in triumph.”
Song of Songs · 1
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Song of Songs 7:1 בַּנְּעָלִ֖ים in <the> sandals
How beautiful are your sandaled feet, O daughter of the prince! The curves of your thighs are like jewels, the handiwork of a master.
Isaiah · 3
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Isaiah 5:27 נְעָלָֽיו׃ sandals its
None of them grows weary or stumbles; no one slumbers or sleeps. No belt is loose and no sandal strap is broken.
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Isaiah 11:15 בַּנְּעָלִֽים׃ in <the> sandals
The LORD will devote to destruction the gulf of the Sea of Egypt; with a scorching wind He will sweep His hand over the Euphrates. He will split it into seven streams for men to cross with dry sandals.
Here: 'In the sandals'. They cross without even taking off their sandals, which is how dry the crossing is. KJV's 'dryshod' captures it.
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Isaiah 20:2 וְנַעַלְךָ֥ and sandal[s] your
the LORD had already spoken through Isaiah son of Amoz, saying, “Go, remove the sackcloth from your waist and the sandals from your feet.” And Isaiah did so, walking around naked and barefoot.
Here: The Hebrew is singular but means the pair. Sandals were basic outdoor footwear, and going without them was a public sign of distress or degradation.
Ezekiel · 2
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Ezekiel 24:17 וּנְעָלֶ֖יךָ and sandals your
Groan quietly; do not mourn for the dead. Put on your turban and strap your sandals on your feet; do not cover your lips or eat the bread of mourners.”
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Ezekiel 24:23 וְנַֽעֲלֵיכֶם֙ and sandals your
Your turbans will remain on your heads and your sandals on your feet. You will not mourn or weep, but you will waste away because of your sins, and you will groan among yourselves.
Amos · 2
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Amos 2:6 נַעֲלָֽיִם׃ a pair of sandals
This is what the LORD says: “For three transgressions of Israel, even four, I will not revoke My judgment, because they sell the righteous for silver and the needy for a pair of sandals.
Here: The Hebrew form for a pair: 'a pair of sandals', one of the cheapest goods there was. It points to a trivial debt or a petty bribe, and may also recall the sandal used to seal legal transfers.
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Amos 8:6 נַעֲלָ֑יִם a pair of sandals
Let us buy the poor with silver and the needy for a pair of sandals, selling even the chaff with the wheat!”
Here: The form means two of something: 'a pair of sandals'. It stands for an almost worthless sum, the cheapest everyday article. A person's freedom goes for a trifle.
Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.