Hebrew word · H5475
סוֹד
sod
counsel
(1) A circle of confidants, a council or assembly gathered for close talk (Ps 89:7 'the council of the holy ones'; Jer 6:11 'the gathering of young men'); (2) the private conversation or deliberation of such a circle; (3) by extension the plan or confidence that comes out of it, a 'secret' in the...
Appears 21 times in 21 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·
What it means
1) council, counsel, assembly
1a) council (of familiar conversation)
1a1) divan, circle (of familiar friends)
1a2) assembly, company
1b) counsel
1b1) counsel (itself)
1b2) secret counsel
1b3) familiar converse, intimacy (with God)
Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).
In depth
- Range of meaning
(1) A circle of confidants, a council or assembly gathered for close talk (Ps 89:7 'the council of the holy ones'; Jer 6:11 'the gathering of young men'); (2) the private conversation or deliberation of such a circle; (3) by extension the plan or confidence that comes out of it, a 'secret' in the sense of something shared only with insiders (Prov 11:13; 25:9).
- Against the English
KJV/ESV 'secret' keeps the confidential side but can sound like hidden lore or a mystery. BSB/NIV 'plan' gives the result but loses the council-room picture. NASB 'secret counsel' comes closest to both.
- How it drifted
'Secret' came into English through the Latin Vulgate's secretum. In modern ears it slides toward esoteric or coded knowledge. The Hebrew picture is social: being admitted to the room where the King's decisions are made.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Jer 23:18, 22: the false prophets 'have not stood in the sod of YHWH'. If they had, they would have proclaimed his words. Job 15:8: 'Have you listened in the sod of God?' 1 Kgs 22:19–23: Micaiah sees YHWH's heavenly court deciding Ahab's fate. Ugaritic and Mesopotamian texts likewise picture gods deliberating in an assembly. The Dead Sea Scrolls use sod for the community and for God's counsel (e.g. 1QH).
From the study of Proverbs 20:19
- Range of meaning
A circle of intimates sitting together in confidence (a council), and what is said there: confidential talk, counsel, plans, secrets. It can mean the inner circle of friends (Psalm 55:14 [Hebrew 55:15], 'we took sweet counsel together'; Jeremiah 15:17, 'the circle of merrymakers'). It can mean the heavenly council (Jeremiah 23:18, 22; Job 15:8). It can also mean God's confidence shared with the faithful (Psalm 25:14; Amos 3:7).
- Against the English
'Secrets' (BSB, KJV, WEB) is not wrong, but modern English hears private personal facts, juicy details. Sôd puts the stress on a relationship: something entrusted within a trusted group. YLT's 'secret counsels' keeps the deliberative side.
- How it drifted
English 'secret' names hidden content. The Hebrew word starts from the circle where the content was shared, so betraying it is a breach of membership, not only a leak of data.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Proverbs uses it for counsel that makes plans succeed ('without sôd plans fail', 15:22), and for confidences that must not be exposed ('do not reveal the sôd of another', 25:9; 11:13). The Dead Sea Scrolls use sôd often for the community's inner council and for the hidden purposes of God, which shows the word stayed tied to a group and its shared knowledge.
From the study of Proverbs 11:13
- Range of meaning
First, a circle of close confidants: a council, a group sitting together in private deliberation. Then, what passes inside that circle: confidential counsel, intimate talk, a secret. It can be the council of elders or advisers, the circle of close friends, or the heavenly council of God.
- Against the English
Most versions say "secret(s)" or "confidence." YLT's "secret counsel" comes closest. "Confidence" (BSB, NIV) is good, because it implies something entrusted. "Secret" alone can sound like any hidden fact. Sod is relational: it is what was shared because people trusted each other.
- How it drifted
English "secret" focuses on the information being hidden. Hebrew sod focuses on the trusted circle in which it was shared. The wrong in this verse is betraying the circle.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Jeremiah 23:18, 22: the false prophets have not "stood in the sod of the LORD," his council. Psalm 25:14: "the sod of the LORD is for those who fear him," his friendship or intimate counsel. Psalm 55:14 (55:15 in Hebrew): "we took sweet sod together," said of a betraying friend. Amos 3:7: God "reveals his sod" to the prophets, a disclosure made by the owner of the secret. Proverbs 25:9: "argue your case with your neighbor, but do not uncover another's sod." Proverbs 15:22: plans fail "for lack of sod."
Where it appears
Genesis · 1
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Genesis 49:6 בְּסֹדָם֙ in council their
May I never enter their council; may I never join their assembly. For they kill men in their anger, and hamstring oxen on a whim.
Here: 'Into their inner circle.' A sod is the small, confidential group where plans are made, and also the plans themselves. Placed first for emphasis: their scheming circle is the place Jacob refuses to go.
Job · 3
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Job 15:8 הַבְס֣וֹד ¿ in [the] council of
Do you listen in on the council of God or limit wisdom to yourself?
Here: The prefix ha- turns the whole line into a question, and be- means "in". Sod is the closed circle of trusted insiders and the private discussion that goes on inside it. Here it is God's own council in heaven. The question is sarcastic: "Were you in the room?"
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Job 19:19 סוֹדִ֑י council my
All my best friends despise me, and those I love have turned against me.
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Job 29:4 בְּס֥וֹד in [the] intimacy of
when I was in my prime, when the friendship of God rested on my tent,
Psalms · 6
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Psalm 25:14 ס֣וֹד [the] counsel of
The LORD confides in those who fear Him, and reveals His covenant to them.
Here: The close circle of trusted people and the private talk shared inside it. Here it is YHWH's own inner circle and his confidences, opened to those who fear him. It also opens the samekh line of the psalm's alphabet poem.
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Psalm 55:14 ס֑וֹד counsel
We shared sweet fellowship together; we walked with the crowd into the house of God.
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Psalm 64:2 מִסּ֣וֹד from [the] secret counsel of
Hide me from the scheming of the wicked, from the mob of workers of iniquity,
Here: "From the secret circle of." A sôd is a closed group of insiders and the private plans they make together. Here it means the enemies' huddle, where harm is planned out of sight.
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Psalm 83:3 ס֑וֹד counsel
With cunning they scheme against Your people and conspire against those You cherish,
Here: A closed, private gathering, and also the plans made inside it. These nations set up their own inner council against God's people. Elsewhere 'the council of the LORD' is God's own inner circle.
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Psalm 89:7 בְּסוֹד־ in [the] council of
In the council of the holy ones, God is greatly feared, and awesome above all who surround Him.
Here: 'In the council of': the inner circle of a ruler where decisions are discussed in confidence. Here, the heavenly throne-room assembly.
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Psalm 111:1 בְּס֖וֹד in [the] council of
Hallelujah! I will give thanks to the LORD with all my heart in the council of the upright and in the assembly.
Here: Sod is a close circle of people who sit together and share confidences, an inner council. Here it is the intimate gathering of the faithful, where the thanksgiving is spoken.
Proverbs · 5
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Proverbs 3:32 סוֹדֽוֹ׃ intimacy his
for the LORD detests the perverse, but He is a friend to the upright.
Here: "His sod": God's inner circle, the trusted company where plans are shared and people talk in confidence. The upright are let into it. The crooked are kept out.
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Proverbs 11:13 סּ֑וֹד a secret
A gossip reveals a secret, but a trustworthy person keeps a confidence.
Here: The confidential talk of a trusted inner circle, and what was said there. To expose a sod is to break the trust of that circle, not just to let a fact slip.
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Proverbs 15:22 ס֑וֹד [is] counsel
Plans fail for lack of counsel, but with many advisers they succeed.
Here: Not just 'advice' but the closed circle of trusted people who speak frankly together, and the private discussion that takes place there. It points to a trusted, honest, closed-door kind of consultation.
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Proverbs 20:19 סּ֭וֹד secret counsel
He who reveals secrets is a constant gossip; avoid the one who babbles with his lips.
Here: Not just any private fact. It is what was said inside a circle of trusted people: shared plans, advice and confidences. Here it comes right after verse 18, which is about making plans 'by counsel'.
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Proverbs 25:9 וְס֖וֹד and [the] secret of
Argue your case with your neighbor without betraying another’s confidence,
Here: 'And the confidence of': something said inside a circle of trust. It isn't just any hidden fact. It is something one person told another privately because he trusted him.
Jeremiah · 4
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Jeremiah 6:11 ס֥וֹד [the] gathering of
But I am full of the LORD’s wrath; I am tired of holding it back. “Pour it out on the children in the street, and on the young men gathered together. For both husband and wife will be captured, the old and the very old alike.
Here: A close circle of people sitting and talking together. Here it means the young men's hangout, not a formal assembly.
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Jeremiah 15:17 בְסוֹד־ in [the] assembly of
I never sat with the band of revelers, nor did I celebrate with them. Because Your hand was on me, I sat alone, for You have filled me with indignation.
Here: 'In the circle of.' A sôd is a close group of friends or insiders who share talk and confidences, not a formal public meeting. Elsewhere Jeremiah uses the same word for the council of YHWH, where true prophets stand (23:18, 22).
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Jeremiah 23:18 בְּס֣וֹד in [the] council of
But which of them has stood in the council of the LORD to see and hear His word? Who has given heed to His word and obeyed it?
Here: 'In the council of', meaning the inner assembly around YHWH's throne where decisions are talked over and decrees are issued. It is a place a person attends, and the private deliberation that happens there.
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Jeremiah 23:22 בְּסוֹדִ֑י in council my
But if they had stood in My council, they would have proclaimed My words to My people and turned them back from their evil ways and deeds.”
Here: 'In my council.' The word means God's inner assembly and also the private plans decided there. It picks up verse 18: 'who has stood in the council of the LORD?'
Ezekiel · 1
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Ezekiel 13:9 בְּס֧וֹד in [the] council of
My hand will be against the prophets who see false visions and speak lying divinations. They will not belong to the council of My people or be recorded in the register of the house of Israel, nor will they enter the land of Israel. Then you will know that I am the Lord GOD.
Here: Sod is a close, trusted circle: a council of insiders, an intimate fellowship, confidential talk. The men who claimed to know God's sod (cf. Jer 23:18, 22) will have no place in the sod of God's people.
Amos · 1
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Amos 3:7 סוֹד֔וֹ secret counsel his
Surely the Lord GOD does nothing without revealing His plan to His servants the prophets.
Here: 'His council', meaning the close circle where decisions are talked over, and so the decision or plan made there. The prophet is pictured as someone let into YHWH's council chamber.
Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.