Hebrew word · H6211
עָשׁ
'ash
moth
ʿāsh is the clothes-moth, mentioned in Job 4:19, 13:28, 27:18; Ps 39:11; Hos 5:12; Isa 50:9. sās occurs only here. It is probably related to Akkadian sāsu (a moth or grub) and probably means the larva, the stage that actually eats fibres.
Appears 12 times in 12 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·
What it means
moth
Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).
In depth
- Range of meaning
ʿāsh is the clothes-moth, mentioned in Job 4:19, 13:28, 27:18; Ps 39:11; Hos 5:12; Isa 50:9. sās occurs only here. It is probably related to Akkadian sāsu (a moth or grub) and probably means the larva, the stage that actually eats fibres.
- Against the English
KJV, BSB and others render sās as 'worm'. Readers may picture an earthworm, or the 'worm' of graves (as in Isa 66:24). The intended creature is the clothes-moth grub, so 'worm' is fair as long as it is understood as a caterpillar-like larva in wool.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Isa 50:9 uses the same image of the Servant's accusers: 'all of them will wear out like a garment; the moth will eat them.' Job 13:28 has 'like a garment that a moth has eaten'. In the New Testament, Matt 6:19–20 ('where moth and rust destroy') and James 5:2 ('your garments are moth-eaten') carry the image forward. The Greek word sēs used there is the Septuagint's normal rendering of ʿāsh.
- Range of meaning
The clothes-moth, especially the larva that eats wool. It is a stock image both of weakness (easily crushed) and of slow, silent consumption (it eats a garment until it falls apart). A homonym ʿash in Job 9:9 names a star group, but that is not in view here.
- Against the English
BSB and ESV say "like a moth" and NIV "more readily than a moth": the person is as easily crushed as a moth. KJV, WEB and NASB keep the literal "before the moth" and leave it open. NLT spells out the comparison. Behind these choices are two different pictures: people crushed like moths, or people eaten by moths like old clothes.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Job 13:28 (Job: "like a garment eaten by moths"); 27:18 ("he builds his house like a moth", a fragile house image again); Ps 39:11 ("like a moth you consume what is dear to him"); Isa 50:9; 51:8; Hos 5:12 ("I am like a moth to Ephraim"). In the New Testament, Matt 6:19–20 and James 5:2 use the moth for decay.
- Range of meaning
Moth, in particular the clothes moth whose larvae eat fabric. In biblical imagery it stands both for a slow, silent destroyer and for something frail.
- Against the English
All the major English versions say "moth." The Septuagint has "spider" (see textual notes).
- Used elsewhere in the period
Hos 5:12: "I am like a moth (kaʿash) to Ephraim," with God himself as the moth. Isa 50:9 and 51:8: "the moth will eat them like a garment." Job 13:28: "like a garment the moth has eaten." Job 4:19: humans "crushed before the moth." Matt 6:19-20: "where moth and rust destroy."
Where it appears
Job · 3
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Job 4:19 עָֽשׁ׃ a moth
how much more those who dwell in houses of clay, whose foundations are in the dust, who can be crushed like a moth!
Here: The clothes-moth. Elsewhere in the Bible it is a byword both for something tiny and easily crushed and for slow, silent destruction of cloth. Either way it marks human life as absurdly fragile.
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Job 13:28 עָֽשׁ׃ a moth
So man wastes away like something rotten, like a moth-eaten garment.
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Job 27:18 כָעָ֣שׁ like <the> moth
The house he built is like a moth’s cocoon, like a hut set up by a watchman.
Psalms · 1
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Psalm 39:11 כָּעָ֣שׁ like <the> moth
You discipline and correct a man for his iniquity, consuming like a moth what he holds dear; surely each man is but a vapor. Selah
Here: "Like the moth." The clothes moth, or more precisely its larva, which silently eats through a stored garment. The damage is unseen until the cloth falls apart.
Isaiah · 2
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Isaiah 50:9 עָ֖שׁ moth
Surely the Lord GOD helps Me. Who is there to condemn Me? See, they will all wear out like a garment; the moths will devour them.
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Isaiah 51:8 עָ֔שׁ moth
For the moth will devour them like a garment, and the worm will eat them like wool. But My righteousness will last forever, My salvation through all generations.”
Here: The clothes-moth, a standard Hebrew picture of quiet, certain decay (Job 13:28; Hos 5:12; Isa 50:9). The word is held back to the end of its clause, so the line builds up to the small, ridiculous destroyer.
Daniel · 5
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Daniel 4:15 בַּעֲשַׂ֥ב in [the] grass of
But leave the stump with its roots in the ground, with a band of iron and bronze around it, in the tender grass of the field. Let him be drenched with the dew of heaven and graze with the beasts on the grass of the earth.
Here: 'In the plants', the green growth animals graze on. Verses 25, 32 and 33 make it explicit: 'you will eat grass like oxen.'
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Daniel 4:25 וְעִשְׂבָּ֥א and <the> grass
You will be driven away from mankind, and your dwelling will be with the beasts of the field. You will feed on grass like an ox and be drenched with the dew of heaven, and seven times shall pass you by, until you acknowledge that the Most High rules over the kingdom of mankind and gives it to whom He wishes.
Here: Wild greenery and grass: fodder for animals, not food prepared at a table. It is put first for emphasis: *grass* is what he will eat.
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Daniel 4:32 עִשְׂבָּ֤א <the> grass
You will be driven away from mankind to live with the beasts of the field, and you will feed on grass like an ox. And seven times will pass you by, until you acknowledge that the Most High rules over the kingdom of mankind and gives it to whom He wishes.”
Here: Green plants and grass, the food of grazing animals. Placed first in its clause for emphasis: 'grass is what you will be fed.'
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Daniel 4:33 וְעִשְׂבָּ֤א and <the> grass
At that moment the sentence against Nebuchadnezzar was fulfilled. He was driven away from mankind. He ate grass like an ox, and his body was drenched with the dew of heaven, until his hair grew like the feathers of an eagle and his nails like the claws of a bird.
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Daniel 5:21 עִשְׂבָּ֤א <the> grass
He was driven away from mankind, and his mind was like that of a beast. He lived with the wild donkeys and ate grass like an ox, and his body was drenched with the dew of heaven until he acknowledged that the Most High God rules over the kingdom of mankind, setting over it whom He wishes.
Here: Wild herbage of the field: animal fodder, not human food.
Hosea · 1
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Hosea 5:12 כָעָ֖שׁ [am] like <the> moth
So I am like a moth to Ephraim, and like decay to the house of Judah.
Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.