Aramaic word · H7217
רֵאשׁ
resh
head
Head (of a body); top, summit; chief; beginning or first of a series; sum or total (Dan 7:1, 'the sum of the matters').
A Biblical Aramaic word, from the parts of the Old Testament written in Aramaic. Why Aramaic?
Appears 14 times in 13 verses of the Aramaic of the Old Testament. ·
What it means
1) chief, head
1a) head (of man)
1b) head (as seat of visions)
1c) chief
1d) sum (essential content)
Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).
In depth
- Range of meaning
Head (of a body); top, summit; chief; beginning or first of a series; sum or total (Dan 7:1, 'the sum of the matters').
- Against the English
All the major versions say 'head'. The word works both literally (the statue's head) and as a picture of rank and order. English 'head' can do both, so there is little loss.
- Used elsewhere in the period
In v.32 the statue's head is 'of fine gold'. In 7:1 rēʾš means 'the main points'. In 7:6 the third beast has four 'heads'. Hebrew rōʾš has the same range: head, chief, first.
- Range of meaning
Head (part of the body); top; chief or leader; beginning; sum or total; main point.
- Against the English
In 'visions of his head' it means the mind. In 'head of the words' translators choose between 'sum' (KJV, WEB, ESV), 'summary' (BSB, NASB), 'substance' (NIV) and 'chief' or 'beginning' (YLT and some commentators).
- How it drifted
Modern 'head' is either just a body part or a slang word for the mind. KJV's 'sum of the matters' can sound to modern ears like an arithmetic total. The sense is 'main points'.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Hebrew rōʾš carries the same range, including 'sum, total' (Num 1:2 'take the head [census]'; Ps 119:160 'the sum of your word'). In Aramaic Daniel rēʾš means the 'head' of the statue (2:32, 38) and the beasts' heads (7:6, 20).
Where it appears
Ezra · 1
-
Ezra 5:10 בְרָאשֵׁיהֹֽם׃ ס [are] at heads their
We also asked for their names, so that we could write down the names of their leaders for your information.
Daniel · 13
-
Daniel 2:28 רֵאשָׁ֛ךְ head your
But there is a God in heaven who reveals mysteries, and He has made known to King Nebuchadnezzar what will happen in the latter days. Your dream and the visions that came into your mind as you lay on your bed were these:
Here: 'Your head'. In Aramaic idiom, 'visions of your head' are images that appear in the mind (compare 4:5, 7:1). The BSB's 'came into your mind' gets the sense.
-
Daniel 2:32 רֵאשֵׁהּ֙ head its
The head of the statue was pure gold, its chest and arms were silver, its belly and thighs were bronze,
-
Daniel 2:38 רֵאשָׁ֖ה head the
Wherever the sons of men or beasts of the field or birds of the air dwell, He has given them into your hand and has made you ruler over them all. You are that head of gold.
Here: The literal head of the statue described in v.32. Because the statue is read from top to bottom, the head is also the first in order and the highest in rank.
-
Daniel 3:27 רֵֽאשְׁהוֹן֙ head their
and when the satraps, prefects, governors, and royal advisers had gathered around, they saw that the fire had no effect on the bodies of these men. Not a hair of their heads was singed, their robes were unaffected, and there was no smell of fire on them.
Here: "Their head", again singular for the group. "The hair of their head" is an ordinary idiom, but here it marks the finest degree of protection.
-
Daniel 4:5 רֵאשִׁ֖י head my
I had a dream, and it frightened me; while I was in my bed, the images and visions in my mind alarmed me.
Here: "My head." "Visions of my head" is an Aramaic idiom for what a sleeper sees inside himself during a dream (2:28; 7:1, 15). It does not mean the visions were unreal or imagined.
-
Daniel 4:10 רֵאשִׁ֖י head my
In these visions of my mind as I was lying in bed, I saw this come to pass: There was a tree in the midst of the land, and its height was great.
-
Daniel 4:13 רֵאשִׁ֖י head my
As I lay on my bed, I also saw in the visions of my mind a watcher, a holy one, coming down from heaven.
Here: 'My head'. In Aramaic idiom you experience dream-visions 'in the head'. The phrase means the visions came to him while he slept. It does not say the visions were only imagination.
-
Daniel 7:1 רֵאשֵׁ֖הּ רֵ֥אשׁ head his, [the] head of
In the first year of the reign of Belshazzar over Babylon, Daniel had a dream, and visions passed through his mind as he lay on his bed. He wrote down the dream, and this is the summary of his account.
Here: 'His head', i.e. his mind. 'Visions of the head' is fixed Aramaic phrasing in Daniel (2:28; 4:5, 10, 13; 7:15) for images that come into the mind during sleep.
-
Daniel 7:6 רֵאשִׁין֙ heads
Next, as I watched, suddenly another beast appeared. It was like a leopard, and on its back it had four wings like those of a bird. The beast also had four heads, and it was given authority to rule.
-
Daniel 7:9 רֵאשֵׁהּ֙ head his
As I continued to watch, thrones were set in place, and the Ancient of Days took His seat. His clothing was white as snow, and the hair of His head was like pure wool. His throne was flaming with fire, and its wheels were all ablaze.
Here: 'His head'. White hair on the head goes with 'advanced in days': this is an old man's white hair.
-
Daniel 7:15 רֵאשִׁ֖י head my
I, Daniel, was grieved in my spirit, and the visions in my mind alarmed me.
Here: 'My head' belongs to the stock Aramaic phrase 'visions of the head'. It means the images that pass through one's head while lying asleep (7:1). In practice it is close to 'mind', but the wording is concrete and bodily.
-
Daniel 7:20 בְרֵאשַׁ֔הּ [were] on head its
I also wanted to know about the ten horns on its head and the other horn that came up, before which three of them fell—the horn whose appearance was more imposing than the others, with eyes and with a mouth that spoke words of arrogance.
Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.