Hebrew word · H7423

רְמִיָּה

remiyah

deceit

Lexicons (HALOT, BDB) distinguish two senses: (1) slackness or laziness ("a slack hand," Proverbs 10:4; 12:24) and (2) deceit, treachery, fraud ("deceitful tongue," Psalm 52:2; 120:2; "deceitful bow," Psalm 78:57; Hosea 7:16). Here it is clearly the second.

Appears 15 times in 15 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·

What it means

deceit, treachery

Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).

In depth

From the study of Psalm 32:2

Range of meaning

Lexicons (HALOT, BDB) distinguish two senses: (1) slackness or laziness ("a slack hand," Proverbs 10:4; 12:24) and (2) deceit, treachery, fraud ("deceitful tongue," Psalm 52:2; 120:2; "deceitful bow," Psalm 78:57; Hosea 7:16). Here it is clearly the second.

Against the English

"Guile" (KJV) is archaic but exact; "deceit" (BSB, ESV, WEB, NIV) is standard. NLT's "complete honesty" turns the negative into a positive.

Used elsewhere in the period

Job 13:7 ("speak deceitfully for God"); Micah 6:12; Psalm 101:7 ("no one who practises deceit will dwell in my house"). The Septuagint has dolos, the word Jesus uses of Nathanael, "in whom there is no deceit" (John 1:47). That may be a deliberate echo; the link is possible, not certain.

From the study of Proverbs 10:4

Range of meaning

Two closely related senses: (1) slackness, laxness, negligence (Prov 10:4; 12:24, 27; Jer 48:10, 'does the LORD's work negligently'); (2) deceit, treachery, fraud (Ps 32:2; 52:4; 101:7; Job 13:7; 27:4). Lexicons sometimes list them as two entries (BDB, and the supplied tag 'B' separates the 'slackness' sense), but they are usually linked through the verb רָמָה 'to deceive, betray, leave in the lurch'.

Against the English

'Idle' (BSB), 'lazy' (WEB, NIV, NLT), 'slack' (KJV, ESV), 'negligent' (NASB), 'slothful' (YLT). 'Idle' and 'lazy' suggest simply doing nothing. The Hebrew picture is more pointed: a hand that is there and seems to be working, but loose, and so it fails the person who depends on it.

How it drifted

Not drift so much as narrowing. English has no single word for 'slack' and 'treacherous' together, so translators pick the slackness sense, which is correct here but loses the overtone.

Used elsewhere in the period

'A treacherous bow' (qešet rəmiyyāh) in Ps 78:57 and Hos 7:16 is a bow that goes slack or warps at the moment of use. In Prov 12:24 'the slack (rəmiyyāh) will be put to forced labour', and in 12:27 'the slack man does not roast his game'. Both times it is set against the same 'diligent' (ḥārûṣ) as here.

From the study of Jeremiah 48:10

Range of meaning

Lexicons (BDB, HALOT) list two related or overlapping senses. (1) Slackness, laxity, a loose hand: 'a slack hand (kap rəmiyyāh) makes poor' (Prov 10:4); 'the slack will be put to forced labour' (12:24); 'a slack person (nepeš rəmiyyāh) goes hungry' (19:15). (2) Deceit, treachery: 'in whose spirit there is no deceit' (Ps 32:2); 'will you speak deceit for God?' (Job 13:7). The two meet in the 'treacherous bow' (Hos 7:16; Ps 78:57), a bow that goes slack and fails its archer at the moment of need.

Against the English

KJV 'deceitfully', following the Latin Vulgate's fraudulenter, picks the second sense. Modern versions pick the first: BSB 'remiss', WEB 'negligently', YLT 'slothfully', and the ESV and NIV word it as slackness or being lax.

How it drifted

To a modern reader 'deceitfully' means lying or fraud. The probable sense is a limp, unreliable hand, the agent who goes easy and so lets his master down. That can count as a kind of betrayal, but it is not trickery.

Used elsewhere in the period

The Septuagint (Jer 31:10 in its numbering) translates amelōs, 'carelessly, negligently', which supports the slackness reading. The Vulgate has fraudulenter, 'fraudulently', which supports the deceit reading, and the KJV tradition inherited it.

Where it appears

Job · 2
  1. Job 13:7 רְמִיָּֽה׃ deceit

    Will you speak wickedly on God’s behalf or speak deceitfully for Him?

    Here: Speech that misleads and cannot be relied on. Paired with the previous charge, it means their defense of God is both unfair to Job and untrue to the facts.

  2. Job 27:4 רְמִיָּֽה׃ deceit

    my lips will not speak wickedness, and my tongue will not utter deceit.

Psalms · 6
  1. Psalm 32:2 רְמִיָּה׃ [is] deceit

    Blessed is the man whose iniquity the LORD does not count against him, in whose spirit there is no deceit.

    Here: Deceit or double-dealing. In this psalm it is the cover-up the speaker practised in vv.3–5, keeping silent and hiding his sin. The fortunate person no longer hides anything from God, and perhaps not from himself either.

  2. Psalm 52:2 רְמִיָּֽה׃ deceit

    Your tongue devises destruction like a sharpened razor, O worker of deceit.

    Here: Deception that betrays trust, the kind Jacob suffered from Laban (Gen 29:25). Not merely saying false things, but using words to betray.

  3. Psalm 78:57 רְמִיָּֽה׃ deceit

    They turned back and were faithless like their fathers, twisted like a faulty bow.

    Here: "A bow of deceit" is a bow you cannot rely on. It looks fine but goes slack or springs out of true when drawn, so the arrow falls short or flies wide. The word also carries the moral sense of treachery, and it echoes the archers (rômê, "shooters") of v. 9.

  4. Psalm 101:7 רְמִ֫יָּ֥ה <of> deceit

    No one who practices deceit shall dwell in my house; no one who tells lies shall stand in my presence.

  5. Psalm 120:2 רְמִיָּֽה׃ deceit

    Deliver my soul, O LORD, from lying lips and a deceitful tongue.

    Here: Describes the tongue as a 'tongue of deceit': speech meant to mislead and betray. Elsewhere the word also describes a 'slack' hand or a bow that fails its archer. That suits verse 4, where the punishment for the tongue is arrows.

  6. Psalm 120:3 רְמִיָּֽה׃ deceit

    What will He do to you, and what will be added to you, O deceitful tongue?

Proverbs · 4
  1. Proverbs 10:4 רְמִיָּ֑ה laxness

    Idle hands make one poor, but diligent hands bring wealth.

    Here: Slackness. But the same word means 'deceit, treachery' elsewhere, and 'a bow of rəmiyyāh' is a bow that fails the archer (Ps 78:57). The slack palm is a hand that lets you down.

  2. Proverbs 12:24 ו֝רְמִיָּ֗ה and idleness

    The hand of the diligent will rule, but laziness ends in forced labor.

    Here: 'And slackness.' An abstract noun for looseness or remissness: a hand that goes limp and does not deliver. In Proverbs 10:4 the same word describes a 'slack palm', which suggests 'hand' is understood here too. Elsewhere the word means treachery, like a bow that fails the archer.

  3. Proverbs 12:27 רְמִיָּ֣ה idleness

    A lazy man does not roast his game, but a diligent man prizes his possession.

    Here: An abstract noun, 'slackness', used here for a person ('the slack one'). It pictures a loose, limp hand that lets things drop. Proverbs sets it against the 'sharp' (diligent) hand in 10:4 and 12:24, and the same pair returns in this verse.

  4. Proverbs 19:15 רְמִיָּ֣ה idleness

    Laziness brings on deep sleep, and an idle soul will suffer hunger.

    Here: Describes the person by their defining trait: 'a person of slackness', someone loose-handed who does not put their hand to what needs doing. The same noun elsewhere means 'deceit', and a 'slack bow' is one that fails its archer, so the word hints that slackness lets people down.

Jeremiah · 1
  1. Jeremiah 48:10 רְמִיָּ֑ה slackness

    Cursed is the one who is remiss in doing the work of the LORD, and cursed is he who withholds his sword from bloodshed.

    Here: Used like an adverb, 'with slackness': a loose, limp, half-hearted hand. It overlaps with the idea of failing someone treacherously, which is why older versions say 'deceitfully'.

Hosea · 1
  1. Hosea 7:16 רְמִיָּ֔ה slackness

    They turn, but not to the Most High; they are like a faulty bow. Their leaders will fall by the sword for the cursing of their tongue; for this they will be ridiculed in the land of Egypt.

    Here: Describes the bow as 'slack' or 'treacherous.' It is warped or loose, so the arrow goes wide or the bow fails just when the archer relies on it. The word covers both physical slackness and betrayal.

Micah · 1
  1. Micah 6:12 רְמִיָּ֥ה [is] deceit

    For the wealthy of the city are full of violence, and its residents speak lies; their tongues are deceitful in their mouths.

    Here: '[Is] deceit': the tongue is not just sometimes deceitful, it *is* deceit. The word comes from the same root as mirmâ, 'fraud', in v. 11's 'bag of fraudulent weights', so lying speech and lying weights are tied together.

Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.