Hebrew word · H8071

שִׂמְלָה

simlah

mantle

The outer garment or mantle, a large wrap worn by day and often used as a blanket at night. More broadly, clothing in general (BDB, HALOT).

Appears 29 times in 28 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·

What it means

wrapper, mantle, covering garment, garments, clothes, raiment, a cloth

Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).

In depth

From the study of Isaiah 4:1

Range of meaning

The outer garment or mantle, a large wrap worn by day and often used as a blanket at night. More broadly, clothing in general (BDB, HALOT).

Against the English

"Apparel" (KJV), "clothing" (WEB), "clothes" (BSB) are all fine. What the English cannot show is that clothing was one of the legally recognised things a husband owed his wife.

Used elsewhere in the period

Ruth 3:3 (Naomi tells Ruth to put on her simlah); Deut 22:5 (simlat 'ishah, "a woman's garment"). Exod 21:10 lists what a husband may not withhold from a wife: her food, her clothing (kesut, a near synonym) and her marital rights. Later Jewish marriage contracts kept the duties of food and clothing.

From the study of Deuteronomy 10:18

Range of meaning

The large outer garment or wrap worn over the tunic. It also served as bedding at night and could be used to carry things. Also spelled śalmâ with the letters switched. It can refer more generally to clothing.

Against the English

'Clothing' or 'raiment' is accurate. It does lose the picture of the one wrap that a poor person also slept in.

Used elsewhere in the period

The law forbids keeping a poor person's śalmâ overnight as a loan pledge, 'for it is his only covering … in what else shall he sleep?' (Exod 22:26–27; Deut 24:12–13). Deut 24:17 forbids taking a widow's garment in pledge at all. Deut 8:3–4 recalls God feeding Israel and keeping their śimlâ from wearing out in the wilderness. Jacob, himself about to become a sojourner, asks God for 'bread to eat and a garment to wear' (Gen 28:20).

From the study of Isaiah 9:5

Range of meaning

The outer cloak or mantle, a large piece of cloth worn over the tunic by ordinary people and also used as a blanket. It is a general word for clothing and not a military term.

Against the English

'Garment' (BSB, WEB, KJV in the plural) and 'raiment' (YLT) are fair. 'Cloak' is more exact. NLT's 'uniforms' suggests a standard-issue military item, which the word does not mean.

Used elsewhere in the period

It is the cloak a poor man sleeps in, in Exodus 22:27, and part of what God gives the foreigner in Deuteronomy 10:18. It is also what Ruth puts on in Ruth 3:3.

Where it appears

Genesis · 7
  1. Genesis 9:23 הַשִּׂמְלָ֗ה the garment

    Then Shem and Japheth took a garment and placed it across their shoulders, and walking backward, they covered their father’s nakedness. Their faces were turned away so that they did not see their father’s nakedness.

  2. Genesis 35:2 שִׂמְלֹתֵיכֶֽם׃ clothes your

    So Jacob told his household and all who were with him, “Get rid of the foreign gods that are among you. Purify yourselves and change your garments.

    Here: The simlah is the large outer wrap that was the main garment. Changing it makes the change visible to everyone.

  3. Genesis 37:34 שִׂמְלֹתָ֔יו clothes his

    Then Jacob tore his clothes, put sackcloth around his waist, and mourned for his son many days.

    Here: His own outer garments, the everyday mantle. It answers Joseph's special tunic (kuttonet, v. 31-33), which was stripped off and brought back bloodied. The father now rips his own clothing over his son's.

  4. Genesis 41:14 שִׂמְלֹתָ֔יו clothes his

    So Pharaoh sent for Joseph, who was quickly brought out of the dungeon. After he had shaved and changed his clothes, he went in before Pharaoh.

    Here: "His garments." This is the ordinary word for clothing, especially the outer wrap. Here it continues the Joseph story's chain of clothes: the special robe (37:3), the garment left with Potiphar's wife (39:12), and the royal linen soon to come (41:42).

  5. Genesis 44:13 שִׂמְלֹתָ֑ם clothes their

    Then they all tore their clothes, loaded their donkeys, and returned to the city.

  6. Genesis 45:22 שְׂמָלֹ֑ת שְׂמָלֹֽת׃ clothes

    He gave new garments to each of them, but to Benjamin he gave three hundred shekels of silver and five sets of clothes.

Exodus · 6
  1. Exodus 3:22 וּשְׂמָלֹ֑ת and clothes

    Every woman shall ask her neighbor and any woman staying in her house for silver and gold jewelry and clothing, and you will put them on your sons and daughters. So you will plunder the Egyptians.”

  2. Exodus 12:34 בְּשִׂמְלֹתָ֖ם in clothes their

    So the people took their dough before it was leavened, carrying it on their shoulders in kneading bowls wrapped in clothing.

  3. Exodus 12:35 וּשְׂמָלֹֽת׃ and clothes

    Furthermore, the Israelites acted on Moses’ word and asked the Egyptians for articles of silver and gold, and for clothing.

    Here: The simlah was the large outer wrap that served as coat, blanket and bundle-cloth. The verse before uses the same word for the cloths the Israelites wrapped their kneading bowls in (12:34), so the people who had only their own simlot to wrap things in now receive Egyptian ones.

  4. Exodus 19:10 שִׂמְלֹתָֽם׃ clothes their

    Then the LORD said to Moses, “Go to the people and consecrate them today and tomorrow. They must wash their clothes

    Here: The simlah was the large outer wrap that people wore by day and slept in at night. Washing it was real work. It meant that the people were changed on the outside, in what everyone could see, before they appeared before God.

  5. Exodus 19:14 שִׂמְלֹתָֽם׃ clothes their

    When Moses came down from the mountain to the people, he consecrated them, and they washed their clothes.

  6. Exodus 22:27 שִׂמְלָת֖וֹ [is] cloak his

    because his cloak is the only covering he has for his body. What else will he sleep in? And if he cries out to Me, I will hear, for I am compassionate.

Deuteronomy · 6
  1. Deuteronomy 8:4 שִׂמְלָ֨תְךָ֜ clothing your

    Your clothing did not wear out and your feet did not swell during these forty years.

  2. Deuteronomy 10:18 וְשִׂמְלָֽה׃ and clothing

    He executes justice for the fatherless and widow, and He loves the foreigner, giving him food and clothing.

    Here: 'And a cloak': the large outer wrap that served as clothing by day and as a blanket at night. For a poor person it might be the only covering they had against the cold. Bread and cloak together mean basic survival.

  3. Deuteronomy 21:13 שִׂמְלַ֨ת [the] clothing of

    and put aside the clothing of her captivity. After she has lived in your house a full month and mourned her father and mother, you may have relations with her and be her husband, and she shall be your wife.

  4. Deuteronomy 22:3 לְשִׂמְלָתוֹ֒ for clothing his

    And you shall do the same for his donkey, his cloak, or anything your brother has lost and you have found. You must not ignore it.

  5. Deuteronomy 22:5 שִׂמְלַ֣ת [the] clothing of

    A woman must not wear men’s clothing, and a man must not wear women’s clothing, for whoever does these things is detestable to the LORD your God.

    Here: The large outer wrap or cloak, also used generally for "clothes." Men and women both wore one, so what is forbidden is a mantle that in that society was marked as a woman's (by cut, colour, ornament or how it was worn).

  6. Deuteronomy 22:17 הַשִּׂמְלָ֔ה the garment

    And now he has accused her of shameful conduct, saying, ‘I discovered that your daughter was not a virgin.’ But here is the proof of her virginity.” And they shall spread out the cloth before the city elders.

Joshua · 1
  1. Joshua 7:6 שִׂמְלֹתָ֗יו clothes his

    Then Joshua tore his clothes and fell facedown before the ark of the LORD until evening, as did the elders of Israel; and they all sprinkled dust on their heads.

    Here: His outer garments. The plural can mean 'his clothes' in general. Tearing them was a public, visible sign of grief.

Judges · 1
  1. Judges 8:25 הַשִּׂמְלָ֔ה the garment

    “We will give them gladly,” they replied. So they spread out a garment, and each man threw an earring from his plunder onto it.

Ruth · 1
  1. Ruth 3:3 שִׂמְלֹתַ֛יִךְ garments your

    Therefore wash yourself, put on perfume, and wear your best clothes. Go down to the threshing floor, but do not let the man know you are there until he has finished eating and drinking.

1 Samuel · 1
  1. 1 Samuel 21:9 בַשִּׂמְלָה֮ in the cloak

    The priest replied, “The sword of Goliath the Philistine, whom you killed in the Valley of Elah, is here; it is wrapped in a cloth behind the ephod. If you want, you may take it. For there is no other but this one here.” And David said, “There is none like it; give it to me.”

2 Samuel · 1
  1. 2 Samuel 12:20 שִׂמְלֹתָ֔יו garments his

    Then David got up from the ground, washed and anointed himself, changed his clothes, and went into the house of the LORD and worshiped. Then he went to his own house, and at his request they set food before him, and he ate.

Proverbs · 1
  1. Proverbs 30:4 בַּשִּׂמְלָ֗ה in <the> cloak

    Who has ascended to heaven and come down? Who has gathered the wind in His hands? Who has bound up the waters in His cloak? Who has established all the ends of the earth? What is His name, and what is the name of His Son—surely you know!

    Here: 'In the cloak.' The ordinary outer wrap, also used as a sack or bedroll. Clouds pictured as a cloth bag holding rain.

Isaiah · 4
  1. Isaiah 3:6 שִׂמְלָ֣ה a cloak

    A man will seize his brother within his father’s house: “You have a cloak—you be our leader! Take charge of this heap of rubble.”

  2. Isaiah 3:7 שִׂמְלָ֑ה [is] a cloak

    On that day he will cry aloud: “I am not a healer. I have no food or clothing in my house. Do not make me leader of the people!”

  3. Isaiah 4:1 וְשִׂמְלָתֵ֖נוּ and own clothing our

    In that day seven women will take hold of one man and say, “We will eat our own bread and provide our own clothes. Just let us be called by your name. Take away our disgrace!”

    Here: "And our (own) garment". The outer wrap that was a person's basic clothing. Providing it was another of the husband's duties, and they give that up too.

  4. Isaiah 9:5 וְשִׂמְלָ֖ה and cloak

    For every trampling boot of battle and every garment rolled in blood will be burned as fuel for the fire.

    Here: The ordinary outer cloak worn by anyone, here on a fighting man. It is not a special military uniform, which makes the image more human.

Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.