Hebrew word · H8438

תּוֹלֵעָה

tole'ah

worm

Worm or grub (Exod 16:20; Isa 14:11). By shortening tola'at shani it also names the crimson dye or crimson cloth (Lam 4:5).

Appears 43 times in 43 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·

What it means

1) worm, maggot

1a) worm, grub

1b) the worm "coccus ilicis"

Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).

In depth

From the study of Isaiah 1:18

Range of meaning

Worm or grub (Exod 16:20; Isa 14:11). By shortening tola'at shani it also names the crimson dye or crimson cloth (Lam 4:5).

Against the English

English translations rightly say 'crimson', but the word picture (a dye made from an insect) is lost.

Used elsewhere in the period

Lam 4:5 ('those brought up in crimson', tola'); Exod 25:4 and many other places (tola'at shani). The two colour words in Isa 1:18 are both terms from the textile trade.

From the study of Isaiah 41:14

Range of meaning

(1) A worm, maggot or grub, especially the kind that breeds in rotting matter or corpses (Exod 16:20; Isa 14:11; 66:24; Job 25:6). (2) In the fixed phrase tôlaʿat šānî and related expressions, the scale insect from which crimson dye was made, and so the colour or the dyed cloth itself (Exod 25:4; Isa 1:18). (3) Used figuratively for something insignificant, weak and despised (Ps 22:6 [Heb. 22:7]: 'I am a worm and not a man').

Against the English

All the major English versions say 'worm'. That is accurate, but English 'worm' tends to call up an earthworm in the garden or an insult ('you worm!'). The Hebrew image is closer to a maggot or grub: tiny, soft, squashed underfoot, linked with decay.

How it drifted

'Worm' has picked up two later associations. One is moral self-loathing, as in the 18th-century hymn line 'for such a worm as I'. The other is popular teaching that tôlaʿat always means the crimson-dye insect and carries a hidden story of sacrifice. Neither one is what drives this verse.

Used elsewhere in the period

Job 25:6 sets 'a maggot' (rimmâ) beside 'a worm' (tôlēʿâ) as images of how small humans are before God. Isaiah 14:11 sets the same two words side by side for the corpse of Babylon's king. In Psalm 22:6 'worm' stands opposite 'man' and is explained by 'scorned by men, despised by the people'. The Aramaic Targum appears to have found the word too harsh and softened it.

From the study of Isaiah 66:24

Range of meaning

A worm or maggot, especially the larvae that feed on dead flesh or spoiled food (Exod 16:20). It is also the 'crimson worm', the insect that produced scarlet dye (Isa 1:18), and a figure for weakness or lowliness ('you worm Jacob', Isa 41:14; Ps 22:6).

Against the English

'Worm' in modern English suggests an earthworm, or for church readers a symbolic 'gnawing worm' of conscience. The Hebrew picture is maggots in a corpse.

How it drifted

From early Christian interpreters onward (Origen, and later many medieval and Reformation writers), 'the worm that does not die' was often read figuratively as the remorse of the damned. That reading has a long history but it is a later overlay. Isaiah's worm belongs to a decaying body.

Used elsewhere in the period

Isaiah 14:11: 'maggots (rimmah) are spread under you, and worms (tola'ah) are your covering', said of the dead king of Babylon in Sheol. Job 25:6 and Ecclesiasticus/Sirach 10:11 link worms with human death. The Greek of Sirach 7:17 says 'the punishment of the ungodly is fire and worm', while the surviving Hebrew of Sirach has only 'the hope of mortals is the worm'. That shows the image being sharpened toward punishment in the Greek period. Judith 16:17 takes it further: 'fire and worms into their flesh; they shall weep in pain forever.'

Where it appears

Exodus · 27
  1. Exodus 16:20 תּוֹלָעִ֖ים worms

    But they did not listen to Moses; some people left part of it until morning, and it became infested with maggots and began to smell. So Moses was angry with them.

  2. Exodus 25:4 וְתוֹלַ֥עַת and scarlet stuff of

    blue, purple, and scarlet yarn; fine linen and goat hair;

  3. Exodus 26:1 וְתֹלַ֣עַת and scarlet stuff of

    “You are to construct the tabernacle itself with ten curtains of finely spun linen, each with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and cherubim skillfully worked into them.

    Here: 'And worm of…'. The crimson dye came from the dried bodies and eggs of a scale insect (kermes) that lives on oak trees. The insects were thought of as 'worms', so the dye was named after them.

  4. Exodus 26:31 וְתוֹלַ֥עַת and scarlet stuff of

    Make a veil of blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and finely spun linen, with cherubim skillfully worked into it.

    Here: Literally 'worm' or 'grub', in a phrase 'worm of scarlet': the crimson dye was made from a scale insect that lives on oak trees, which ancient people took for a worm.

  5. Exodus 26:36 וְתוֹלַ֥עַת and scarlet stuff of

    For the entrance to the tent, you are to make a curtain embroidered with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and finely spun linen.

  6. Exodus 27:16 וְתוֹלַ֧עַת and scarlet stuff of

    The gate of the courtyard shall be twenty cubits long, with a curtain embroidered with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and finely spun linen. It shall have four posts and four bases.

  7. Exodus 28:5 תּוֹלַ֥עַת [the] scarlet stuff of

    They shall use gold, along with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and fine linen.

  8. Exodus 28:6 תּוֹלַ֧עַת scarlet stuff of

    They are to make the ephod of finely spun linen embroidered with gold, and with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn.

  9. Exodus 28:8 וְתוֹלַ֥עַת and scarlet stuff of

    And the skillfully woven waistband of the ephod must be of one piece, of the same workmanship—with gold, with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and with finely spun linen.

  10. Exodus 28:15 וְתוֹלַ֧עַת and scarlet stuff of

    You are also to make a breastpiece of judgment with the same workmanship as the ephod. Construct it with gold, with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and with finely spun linen.

  11. Exodus 28:33 וְתוֹלַ֣עַת and scarlet stuff of

    Make pomegranates of blue, purple, and scarlet yarn all the way around the lower hem, with gold bells between them,

  12. Exodus 35:6 וְתוֹלַ֥עַת and scarlet stuff of

    blue, purple, and scarlet yarn; fine linen and goat hair;

  13. Exodus 35:23 וְתוֹלַ֥עַת and scarlet stuff of

    Everyone who had blue, purple, or scarlet yarn, or fine linen, goat hair, ram skins dyed red, or articles of fine leather, brought them.

  14. Exodus 35:25 תּוֹלַ֥עַת [the] scarlet stuff of

    Every skilled woman spun with her hands and brought what she had spun: blue, purple, or scarlet yarn, or fine linen.

  15. Exodus 35:35 בְּתוֹלַ֧עַת in [the] scarlet stuff of

    He has filled them with skill to do all kinds of work as engravers, designers, embroiderers in blue, purple, and scarlet yarn and fine linen, and as weavers—as artistic designers of every kind of craft.

    Here: 'Worm.' The scarlet dye came from a scale insect that looked like a grub, so the dye is literally called 'worm of scarlet.'

  16. Exodus 36:8 וְתוֹלַ֣עַת and scarlet stuff of

    All the skilled craftsmen among the workmen made the ten curtains for the tabernacle. They were made of finely spun linen, as well as blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, with cherubim skillfully worked into them.

  17. Exodus 36:35 וְתוֹלַ֥עַת and scarlet stuff of

    Next, he made the veil of blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and finely spun linen, with cherubim skillfully worked into it.

  18. Exodus 36:37 וְתוֹלַ֥עַת and scarlet stuff of

    For the entrance to the tent, he made a curtain embroidered with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and finely spun linen,

  19. Exodus 38:18 וְתוֹלַ֥עַת and scarlet stuff of

    The curtain for the entrance to the courtyard was embroidered with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and finely spun linen. It was twenty cubits long and, like the curtains of the courtyard, five cubits high,

  20. Exodus 38:23 וּבְתוֹלַ֥עַת and in [the] scarlet stuff of

    With him was Oholiab son of Ahisamach, of the tribe of Dan, an engraver, designer, and embroiderer in blue, purple, and scarlet yarn and fine linen.

  21. Exodus 39:1 וְתוֹלַ֣עַת and [the] scarlet stuff of

    From the blue, purple, and scarlet yarn they made specially woven garments for ministry in the sanctuary, as well as the holy garments for Aaron, just as the LORD had commanded Moses.

    Here: Literally 'worm', naming the small scale insect that yields the dye. It joins with the next word to name the crimson material.

  22. Exodus 39:2 וְתוֹלַ֥עַת and scarlet stuff of

    Bezalel made the ephod of finely spun linen embroidered with gold, and with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn.

    Here: Literally 'worm'. It is joined to the next word, 'worm of scarlet', and refers to the scale insect whose dried bodies gave a crimson dye. The phrase names the colour by its source.

  23. Exodus 39:3 תּוֹלַ֥עַת [the] scarlet stuff of

    They hammered out thin sheets of gold and cut threads from them to interweave with the blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and fine linen—the work of a skilled craftsman.

  24. Exodus 39:5 וְתוֹלַ֥עַת and scarlet stuff of

    And the skillfully woven waistband of the ephod was of one piece with the ephod, of the same workmanship—with gold, with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and with finely spun linen, just as the LORD had commanded Moses.

    Here: Literally 'worm'. The dye came from a scale insect gathered from oak trees, so 'worm of scarlet' is the ordinary name for crimson-dyed yarn.

  25. Exodus 39:8 וְתוֹלַ֥עַת and scarlet stuff of

    He made the breastpiece with the same workmanship as the ephod, with gold, with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and with finely spun linen.

  26. Exodus 39:24 וְתוֹלַ֣עַת and scarlet stuff of

    They made pomegranates of blue, purple, and scarlet yarn and finely spun linen on the lower hem of the robe.

  27. Exodus 39:29 וְתוֹלַ֥עַת and scarlet stuff of

    and the sash of finely spun linen, embroidered with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, just as the LORD had commanded Moses.

Leviticus · 5
  1. Leviticus 14:4 תוֹלַ֖עַת a worm

    the priest shall order that two live clean birds, cedar wood, scarlet yarn, and hyssop be brought for the one to be cleansed.

  2. Leviticus 14:6 הַתּוֹלַ֖עַת the worm

    And he is to take the live bird together with the cedar wood, scarlet yarn, and hyssop, and dip them into the blood of the bird that was slaughtered over the fresh water.

  3. Leviticus 14:49 תוֹלַ֖עַת a worm

    He is to take two birds, cedar wood, scarlet yarn, and hyssop to purify the house;

  4. Leviticus 14:51 הַתּוֹלַ֗עַת the worm

    Then he shall take the cedar wood, the hyssop, the scarlet yarn, and the live bird, dip them in the blood of the slaughtered bird and the fresh water, and sprinkle the house seven times.

  5. Leviticus 14:52 הַתּוֹלָֽעַת׃ the worm

    And he shall cleanse the house with the bird’s blood, the fresh water, the live bird, the cedar wood, the hyssop, and the scarlet yarn.

Numbers · 2
  1. Numbers 4:8 תּוֹלַ֣עַת scarlet stuff of

    And they shall spread a scarlet cloth over them, cover them with fine leather, and insert the poles.

  2. Numbers 19:6 תוֹלָ֑עַת scarlet stuff

    The priest is to take cedar wood, hyssop, and scarlet wool and throw them onto the burning heifer.

Deuteronomy · 1
  1. Deuteronomy 28:39 הַתֹּלָֽעַת׃ the worm[s]

    You will plant and cultivate vineyards, but will neither drink the wine nor gather the grapes, because worms will eat them.

Job · 1
  1. Job 25:6 תּוֹלֵעָֽה׃ פ a worm

    how much less man, who is but a maggot, and the son of man, who is but a worm!”

    Here: A crawling worm or grub, the lowest and most easily crushed of creatures. Paired with rimmah, it finishes the picture of humans as tiny, earthbound and headed for decay. The verse ends Bildad's speech, and a section-break mark (פ) follows.

Psalms · 1
  1. Psalm 22:6 תוֹלַ֣עַת [am] a worm

    But I am a worm and not a man, scorned by men and despised by the people.

    Here: A crawling larva or grub: the lowest, most easily crushed creature, the kind found in rotting food and corpses. It is a picture of utter worthlessness and helplessness, not a technical zoological term.

Isaiah · 4
  1. Isaiah 1:18 כַתּוֹלָ֖ע like <the> crimson

    “Come now, let us reason together,” says the LORD. “Though your sins are like scarlet, they will be as white as snow; though they are as red as crimson, they will become like wool.

    Here: "Like crimson." The word literally means "worm". It is short for the dye made from a scale insect (the 'scarlet worm') that gave cloth its deep crimson. Both colour words in the verse come from the dyer's trade.

  2. Isaiah 14:11 תּוֹלֵעָֽה׃ [are] worm[s]

    Your pomp has been brought down to Sheol, along with the music of your harps. Maggots are your bed and worms your blanket.

  3. Isaiah 41:14 תּוֹלַ֣עַת O worm of

    Do not fear, O Jacob, you worm, O few men of Israel. I will help you,” declares the LORD. “Your Redeemer is the Holy One of Israel.

    Here: A crawling grub, the kind that eats rotting food or a corpse. God names Israel's condition plainly: tiny, defenseless, easily crushed underfoot. It describes weakness and humiliation, not moral filth.

  4. Isaiah 66:24 תוֹלַעְתָּ֞ם worm their

    “As they go forth, they will see the corpses of the men who have rebelled against Me; for their worm will never die, their fire will never be quenched, and they will be a horror to all mankind.”

    Here: 'Their worm.' The singular stands for a whole mass, meaning the maggots that feed on a decaying corpse (compare Isa 14:11: 'maggots are spread beneath you, worms cover you').

Lamentations · 1
  1. Lamentations 4:5 תוֹלָ֔ע crimson

    Those who once ate delicacies are destitute in the streets; those brought up in crimson huddle in ash heaps.

Jonah · 1
  1. Jonah 4:7 תּוֹלַ֔עַת a worm

    When dawn came the next day, God appointed a worm that attacked the plant so that it withered.

Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.