Hebrew word · H962
בָּזַז
vaiyavozu
to plunder
To plunder or despoil: to carry off the goods, livestock and people of a defeated city as booty.
Appears 43 times in 39 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·
What it means
1) to spoil, plunder, prey upon, seize
1a) (Qal) to spoil, plunder, despoil
1b) (Niphal) to be spoiled, plundered
1c) (Pual) to be taken as spoil
Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).
In depth
- Range of meaning
To plunder or despoil: to carry off the goods, livestock and people of a defeated city as booty.
- Against the English
BSB, WEB, NIV and ESV have 'plunder(ed)'. KJV has 'spoiled', in the older sense of 'despoiled', which modern readers misread (see the drift section).
- How it drifted
KJV 'spoil' meant 'strip of goods, rob'. That sense now survives only in the phrase 'spoils of war'.
- Used elsewhere in the period
The verb is common in war accounts (Num 31:9; Deut 2:35; 2 Kgs 7:16). Assyrian royal annals routinely list cities' palace treasures carried off as booty, and Sargon II boasts of carrying off Samaria's people and goods.
From the study of Isaiah 42:22
- Range of meaning
To strip a defeated city or army of its goods, livestock and people as war booty; the noun baz is the booty itself. It belongs to the language of military conquest and covers people as well as things (captives were part of the spoil).
- Against the English
KJV “robbed… a prey,” BSB/NIV “plundered… plunder.” “Robbed” can sound like a private crime by an individual thief. The Hebrew picture is a whole nation stripped by a conquering army.
- How it drifted
KJV's companion word “spoiled” has drifted badly in modern English (see drift).
- Used elsewhere in the period
Common in war narratives (Num 31:32; Deut 2:35; 2 Chr 20:25). In Isaiah it shows up in the sign-name Maher-shalal-hash-baz (8:1–4), where Assyria plunders Damascus and Samaria; in 10:6, where Assyria is sent “to take spoil and seize plunder”; and in 33:23. Assyrian royal annals boast in the same terms about the booty and captives carried off.
From the study of 2 Chronicles 14:14
- Range of meaning
Bāzaz: to plunder, despoil, carry off as booty. Bizzâ: the booty itself. Other spoil words are šālāl (used in v. 13) and baz.
- Against the English
KJV 'they spoiled all the cities ... exceeding much spoil'. In modern English 'spoil' means to ruin food or to pamper a child. The KJV means 'despoil', to strip something of its goods.
- How it drifted
'Spoil' meaning 'plunder' (from Latin spolium, armour stripped from a dead enemy) was normal in 1611. The sense 'ruin, go bad' later took over.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Bizzâ appears almost only in late Biblical Hebrew: Ezra 9:7; Neh 3:36 (4:4 English); Esth 9:10, 15, 16; Dan 11:24, 33; 2 Chr 14:13; 25:13; 28:14. Its use here is one mark of the Chronicler's own Hebrew of the Persian period.
Where it appears
Genesis · 2
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Genesis 34:27 וַיָּבֹ֖זּוּ and they plundered
Jacob’s other sons came upon the slaughter and looted the city, because their sister had been defiled.
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Genesis 34:29 וַיָּבֹ֑זּוּ and they plundered
They carried off all their possessions and women and children, and they plundered everything in their houses.
Numbers · 3
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Numbers 31:9 בָּזָֽזוּ׃ they plundered
The Israelites captured the Midianite women and their children, and they plundered all their herds, flocks, and goods.
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Numbers 31:32 בָּזְז֖וּ they had plundered
and this plunder remained from the spoils the soldiers had taken: 675,000 sheep,
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Numbers 31:53 בָּזְז֖וּ they had taken plunder
Each of the soldiers had taken plunder for himself.
Deuteronomy · 3
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Deuteronomy 2:35 בָּזַ֣זְנוּ we plundered
We carried off for ourselves only the livestock and the plunder from the cities we captured.
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Deuteronomy 3:7 בַּזּ֥וֹנוּ we plundered
But all the livestock and plunder of the cities we carried off for ourselves.
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Deuteronomy 20:14 תָּבֹ֣ז you will plunder
But the women, children, livestock, and whatever else is in the city—all its spoil—you may take as plunder, and you shall use the spoil of your enemies that the LORD your God gives you.
Joshua · 3
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Joshua 8:2 תָּבֹ֣זּוּ you will plunder
And you shall do to Ai and its king as you did to Jericho and its king, except that you may carry off their plunder and livestock for yourselves. Set up an ambush behind the city.”
Here: "Take as booty." The verb switches from singular (Joshua) to plural (the whole people): the permission is for everyone. The form can be read as a grant, "you may take," which is how BSB renders it.
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Joshua 8:27 בָּזְז֥וּ they plundered
Israel took for themselves only the cattle and plunder of that city, as the LORD had commanded Joshua.
Here: 'They plundered': the normal word for soldiers stripping a conquered place. The form describes a completed act. The verb is plural even though 'Israel' is singular, because the whole people is pictured as many men carrying off goods.
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Joshua 11:14 בָּזְז֥וּ they plundered
The Israelites took for themselves all the plunder and livestock of these cities, but they put all the people to the sword until they had completely destroyed them, not sparing anyone who breathed.
Here: To strip a place of goods as booty. It is paired with shalal, the noun for what is taken, and the pair says the goods became Israel's property.
1 Samuel · 1
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1 Samuel 14:36 וְֽנָבֹ֥זָה and let us plunder
And Saul said, “Let us go down after the Philistines by night and plunder them until dawn, leaving no man alive!” “Do what seems good to you,” the troops replied. But the priest said, “We must consult God here.”
2 Kings · 1
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2 Kings 7:16 וַיָּבֹ֕זּוּ and they plundered
Then the people went out and plundered the camp of the Arameans. It was then that a seah of fine flour sold for a shekel, and two seahs of barley sold for a shekel, according to the word of the LORD.
2 Chronicles · 5
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2 Chronicles 14:14 וַיָּבֹ֙זּוּ֙ and they plundered
and attacked all the cities around Gerar, because the terror of the LORD had fallen upon them. They plundered all the cities, since there was much plunder there.
Here: 'And they plundered': they stripped the towns of their valuables. This verb starts a wordplay with the noun bizzâ ('plunder') a few words later.
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2 Chronicles 20:25 לָבֹ֣ז בֹּזְזִ֥ים to plunder, plundering
Then Jehoshaphat and his people went to carry off the plunder, and they found on the bodies an abundance of goods and valuables—more than they could carry away. They were gathering the plunder for three days because there was so much.
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2 Chronicles 25:13 וַיָּבֹ֖זּוּ and they plundered
Meanwhile the troops that Amaziah had dismissed from battle raided the cities of Judah, from Samaria to Beth-horon. They struck down 3,000 people and carried off a great deal of plunder.
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2 Chronicles 28:8 בָּזְז֣וּ they plundered
Then the Israelites took 200,000 captives from their kinsmen—women, sons, and daughters. They also carried off a great deal of plunder and brought it to Samaria.
Esther · 2
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Esther 3:13 לָבֽוֹז׃ to take as plunder
And the letters were sent by couriers to each of the royal provinces with the order to destroy, kill, and annihilate all the Jews—young and old, women and children—and to plunder their possessions on a single day, the thirteenth day of Adar, the twelfth month.
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Esther 8:11 לָבֽוֹז׃ to take as plunder
By these letters the king permitted the Jews in each and every city the right to assemble and defend themselves, to destroy, kill, and annihilate all the forces of any people or province hostile to them, including women and children, and to plunder their possessions.
Here: 'To seize as plunder.' This is the right that 3:13 gave Haman's side, now granted to the Jews. Chapter 9 stresses three times that they refused to use it.
Psalms · 1
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Psalm 109:11 וְיָבֹ֖זּוּ and may they plunder
May the creditor seize all he owns, and strangers plunder the fruits of his labor.
Isaiah · 9
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Isaiah 10:2 יָבֹֽזּוּ׃ they will plunder
to deprive the poor of fair treatment and withhold justice from the oppressed of My people, to make widows their prey and orphans their plunder.
Here: 'They plunder'. A second war word for sacking a captured town. The verb form describes ongoing, habitual action, and it closes the verse with the officials as looters.
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Isaiah 10:6 וְלָבֹ֣ז and to take as spoil
I will send him against a godless nation; I will dispatch him against a people destined for My rage, to take spoils and seize plunder, and to trample them down like clay in the streets.
Here: 'And to seize plunder': a second verb with its own matching noun, a synonym of the first pair.
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Isaiah 11:14 יָבֹ֣זּוּ they will plunder
They will swoop down on the slopes of the Philistines to the west; together they will plunder the sons of the east. They will lay their hands on Edom and Moab, and the Ammonites will be subject to them.
Here: An ordinary war word: to take spoil and carry off goods and livestock after a victory. It reverses the plundering Israel had suffered from these same neighbours.
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Isaiah 17:14 לְבֹזְזֵֽינוּ׃ ס of [those who] despoil us
In the evening, there is sudden terror! Before morning, they are no more! This is the portion of those who loot us and the lot of those who plunder us.
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Isaiah 24:3 וְהִבּ֣וֹז׀ תִּבּ֑וֹז and certainly <to be plundered>, it will be plundered
The earth will be utterly laid waste and thoroughly plundered. For the LORD has spoken this word.
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Isaiah 33:23 בָּ֥זְזוּ they will take as spoil
Your ropes are slack; they cannot secure the mast or spread the sail. Then an abundance of spoils will be divided, and even the lame will carry off plunder.
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Isaiah 42:22 בָּז֣וּז despoiled
But this is a people plundered and looted, all trapped in caves or imprisoned in dungeons. They have become plunder with no one to rescue them, and loot with no one to say, “Send them back!”
Here: Passive participle: “plundered,” stripped as war booty. It describes a lasting condition: a people who have been looted and stay looted.
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Isaiah 42:24 לְבֹזְזִ֖ים to despoilers
Who gave Jacob up for spoil, and Israel to the plunderers? Was it not the LORD, against whom we have sinned? They were unwilling to walk in His ways, and they would not obey His law.
Here: 'To looters.' The form describes people who plunder as their ongoing activity. It echoes 'a people plundered' in v. 22.
Jeremiah · 3
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Jeremiah 20:5 וּבְזָזוּם֙ and they will plunder them
I will give away all the wealth of this city—all its products and valuables, and all the treasures of the kings of Judah—to their enemies. They will plunder them, seize them, and carry them off to Babylon.
Here: 'And they will plunder them': take loot as spoil of war, the way victors strip a captured city.
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Jeremiah 30:16 בֹּזְזַ֖יִךְ [those who] despoil you
Nevertheless, all who devour you will be devoured, and all your adversaries—every one of them—will go off into exile. Those who plundered you will be plundered, and all who raided you will be raided.
Here: 'Those despoiling you': soldiers carrying off booty after a victory. It is a near-synonym of šāsas, used to make a matching pair.
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Jeremiah 50:37 וּבֻזָּֽזוּ׃ and they will be plundered
A sword is against her horses and chariots and against all the foreigners in her midst, and they will become like women. A sword is against her treasuries, and they will be plundered.
Here: 'And they will be plundered' (a passive form). The plunderer becomes the plundered, which fits the chapter's theme of repaying Babylon in kind (50:15, 29).
Ezekiel · 6
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Ezekiel 26:12 וּבָֽזְזוּ֙ and they will take as spoil
They will plunder your wealth and pillage your merchandise. They will demolish your walls, tear down your beautiful homes, and throw your stones and timber and soil into the water.
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Ezekiel 29:19 וּבָזַ֣ז and he will take as spoil
Therefore this is what the Lord GOD says: I will give the land of Egypt to Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon, who will carry off its wealth, seize its spoil, and remove its plunder. This will be the wages for his army.
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Ezekiel 38:12 וְלָבֹ֣ז and to take as spoil
in order to seize the spoil and carry off the plunder, to turn a hand against the desolate places now inhabited and against a people gathered from the nations, who have acquired livestock and possessions and who live at the center of the land.’
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Ezekiel 38:13 הֲלָבֹ֥ז ¿ to take as spoil
Sheba and Dedan and the merchants of Tarshish with all its villages will ask, ‘Have you come to capture the plunder? Have you assembled your hordes to carry away loot, to make off with silver and gold, to take cattle and goods, to seize great spoil?’
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Ezekiel 39:10 וּבָֽזְזוּ֙ בֹּ֣זְזֵיהֶ֔ם and they will take as spoil, [those who] took as spoil them
They will not gather wood from the countryside or cut it from the forests, for they will use the weapons for fuel. They will loot those who looted them and plunder those who plundered them, declares the Lord GOD.
Amos · 1
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Amos 3:11 וְנָבֹ֖זּוּ and they will be plundered
Therefore this is what the Lord GOD says: “An enemy will surround the land; he will pull down your strongholds and plunder your citadels.”
Here: 'And they will be plundered'. The passive form points to the future. This is the stripping of a captured city's wealth as war booty. It answers v. 10, where the elite 'store up' plunder (shōd) in these same buildings.
Nahum · 2
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Nahum 2:9 בֹּ֥זּוּ בֹּ֣זּוּ plunder
“Plunder the silver! Plunder the gold!” There is no end to the treasure, an abundance of every precious thing.
Here: A plural command, 'Plunder!', shouted at the attacking army as it breaks into Nineveh. The word is about wartime looting: stripping a beaten city of whatever can be carried off.
Zephaniah · 1
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Zephaniah 2:9 יְבָזּ֔וּם they will plunder them
Therefore, as surely as I live,” declares the LORD of Hosts, the God of Israel, “surely Moab will be like Sodom and the Ammonites like Gomorrah—a place of weeds and salt pits, a perpetual wasteland. The remnant of My people will plunder them; the remainder of My nation will dispossess them.”
Here: "They will plunder them": the victor's right to carry off goods. It reverses the scorn Moab and Ammon heaped on Judah.
Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.