Greek word · G458

ἀνομία

anomia

lawlessness

Literally "lawlessness," a state without law or against law. In practice it means wickedness, iniquity, sin. The Greek Old Testament uses it for about two dozen Hebrew words (resha', 'awon, pesha', and others).

Appears 15 times in 13 verses of the Greek New Testament. ·

What it means

ἀνομία, -ας, ἡ

(ἄνομος), [in LXX for עָוֺן, פָּשַׁע, פֶּשַׁע, תּוֹעֵבַה, רֶשַׁע, etc. ;]

lawlessness, iniquity: Matthew 7:23 13:41 23:28 24:12, Romans 6:19, 2 Corinthians 6:14, 2 Thessalonians 2:3 2:7, Titus 2:14, Hebrews 1:9, 1 John 3:4; in pl. (as LXX, Psalms 31:1, al.; see 131., § 32, 6; Swete, Mk., 153), of acts or manifestations of lawlessness: Romans 4:7 (LXX), Hebrews 10:17.†

SYN.: see: ἁμάρτημα, ἄνομος (AS)

From G. Abbott-Smith, A Manual Greek Lexicon of the New Testament (1922), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).

In depth

From the study of Hebrews 1:9

Range of meaning

Literally "lawlessness," a state without law or against law. In practice it means wickedness, iniquity, sin. The Greek Old Testament uses it for about two dozen Hebrew words (resha', 'awon, pesha', and others).

Against the English

KJV/WEB "iniquity," BSB/NIV/ESV "wickedness," NASB/YLT "lawlessness." "Lawlessness" is literal, but it can make modern readers think of anarchy or of specifically breaking Torah rules. The Hebrew behind it (resha') is the general opposite of tsedeq.

Used elsewhere in the period

In Psalms LXX it is frequent and general (e.g. Ps 31[32]:1, 50[51]:5). In Hebrews it appears again in 10:17 ("their sins and lawless deeds I will remember no more," from Jer 31:34). Some manuscripts of Hebrews 1:9 and some LXX witnesses have ἀδικία, "injustice," which shows that copyists treated the two words as close in meaning.

From the study of Matthew 24:12

Range of meaning

Built from a- ('without') and nomos ('law'). Its range runs from the condition of being without law, to acting against law, to wickedness generally. In Jewish Greek the law in view is God's law, the Torah. So anomia means disregarding or rejecting God's revealed will, and it often works as a broad word for sin.

Against the English

KJV and WEB have 'iniquity', BSB and NIV 'wickedness', NLT 'sin', and ESV, NASB and YLT 'lawlessness'. 'Wickedness' and 'sin' are not wrong, but they drop the word's root in law. Matthew is a Gospel unusually concerned with Jesus fulfilling the law, not abolishing it (5:17–20), so the law connection matters here.

How it drifted

The Latin Vulgate used iniquitas (literally 'unevenness, unfairness'), and the KJV tradition took 'iniquity' from it. That chain lost the visible link to 'law'. Today 'iniquity' sounds archaic and vague, and 'wickedness' suggests crime or violence in society at large.

Used elsewhere in the period

In the Greek Old Testament (LXX), anomia translates several Hebrew words for sin and rebellion (e.g. ʿawon, peshaʿ). Daniel 12:10 (Theodotion) says 'the lawless will act lawlessly'. Paul's 'mystery of lawlessness' and 'man of lawlessness' (2 Thess 2:3, 7) show the word was already part of early Christian end-time vocabulary. The Didache, an early Christian manual (c. 100), echoes this verse: 'as lawlessness increases (auxanousēs tēs anomias) they will hate and persecute and betray one another' (Did. 16:4).

From the study of Titus 2:14

Range of meaning

Literally 'without law' (a- 'not' + nomos 'law'). In ordinary Greek: lawlessness, disorder, conduct that ignores law and custom. In the Septuagint it translates more than twenty Hebrew words for iniquity, rebellion and wrongdoing, especially ʿawon (guilt, iniquity). So in Jewish Greek it became a general word for sin seen as defiance of God's order, not a technical term for breaking specific Torah commands.

Against the English

KJV and WEB: 'iniquity'. BSB, ESV and YLT: 'lawlessness'. NIV: 'wickedness'. NLT: 'every kind of sin'. 'Lawlessness' keeps the root, but a modern reader may think of crime and anarchy, or may assume 'the law' means the law of Moses. 'Iniquity' and 'wickedness' are accurate but lose the sense of rebellion against an order.

Used elsewhere in the period

LXX Psalm 129:8 and Ezekiel 37:23 ('I will rescue them from all their lawless deeds... and cleanse them') both pair anomia with redemption or cleansing. Elsewhere in the NT it is the opposite of righteousness (2 Cor 6:14; 1 John 3:4, 'sin is lawlessness').

Where it appears

Matthew · 4
  1. Matthew 7:23 ἀνομίαν.¶ lawlessness.

    Then I will tell them plainly, ‘I never knew you; depart from Me, you workers of lawlessness!’

    Here: Living as though God's law and will did not bind you: conduct contrary to what God requires. In Matthew it is the opposite of 'doing the will of my Father' (v. 21) and of the 'righteousness' of 5:20.

  2. Matthew 13:41 ἀνομίαν lawlessness

    The Son of Man will send out His angels, and they will weed out of His kingdom every cause of sin and all who practice lawlessness.

    Here: Disregard of God's law and will, meaning wickedness and iniquity. In Matthew it is pointedly used of people who look religious (7:23; 23:28).

  3. Matthew 23:28 ἀνομίας.¶ lawlessness.

    In the same way, on the outside you appear to be righteous, but on the inside you are full of hypocrisy and wickedness.

    Here: Literally 'without-law-ness': disregard for God's law. A sharp irony, since these were the people known as the law's most careful interpreters and keepers.

  4. Matthew 24:12 ἀνομίαν lawlessness

    Because of the multiplication of wickedness, the love of most will grow cold.

    Here: Literally 'without-law-ness': living as if God's law and will do not bind you. In Matthew it is the charge laid against false prophets and hypocrites (7:23; 23:28), so its sense here is narrower than 'general crime'.

Romans · 3
  1. Romans 4:7 ἀνομίαι lawless deeds

    “Blessed are they whose lawless acts are forgiven, whose sins are covered.

    Here: Plural: acts that break God's law or defy it. In the Greek Old Testament this word translates several Hebrew words; in Psalm 32:1 it renders 'pesha', which means rebellion or breaking faith, as when a vassal revolts against his overlord.

  2. Romans 6:19 ἀνομίᾳ ἀνομίαν, to lawlessness, lawlessness,

    I am speaking in human terms because of the weakness of your flesh. Just as you used to offer the parts of your body in slavery to impurity and to escalating wickedness, so now offer them in slavery to righteousness leading to holiness.

    Here: Living without regard for God's law and will. It is the second master the members served.

2 Corinthians · 1
  1. 2 Corinthians 6:14 ἀνομίᾳ; lawlessness?

    Do not be unequally yoked with unbelievers. For what partnership can righteousness have with wickedness? Or what fellowship does light have with darkness?

    Here: Life lived without regard to God's law. In Jewish usage this was the mark of the idolatrous nations, not mainly civil disorder.

2 Thessalonians · 2
  1. 2 Thessalonians 2:3 ἀνομίας, of lawlessness,

    Let no one deceive you in any way, for it will not come until the rebellion occurs and the man of lawlessness—the son of destruction—is revealed.

    Here: 'Man of lawlessness' is a Hebrew-style phrase meaning the man whose whole character is lawlessness. Lawlessness here means open defiance of God's order, the mark of the final rebel in Jewish apocalyptic writing.

  2. 2 Thessalonians 2:7 ἀνομίας, of lawlessness,

    For the mystery of lawlessness is already at work, but the one who now restrains it will continue until he is taken out of the way.

    Here: Open rebellion against God's law and rule. It is not just disorder. It names the content of the secret: the 'mystery' is lawlessness, and it is hidden now.

Titus · 1
  1. Titus 2:14 ἀνομίας lawlessness

    He gave Himself for us to redeem us from all lawlessness and to purify for Himself a people for His own possession, zealous for good deeds.

    Here: A life lived without regard for God's order: rebellion and wrongdoing in general, not only breaking particular rules. Its opposite is the self-controlled, upright, godly life of verse 12.

Hebrews · 2
  1. Hebrews 1:9 ἀνομίαν. wickedness.

    You have loved righteousness and hated wickedness; therefore God, Your God, has anointed You above Your companions with the oil of joy.”

    Here: Literally "lawlessness," but in the Greek Old Testament it is a common general word for wickedness. Here it translates the Hebrew resha', "wickedness, guilt." It is the opposite of the just order the king upholds.

  2. Hebrews 10:17 ἀνομιῶν lawless acts

    Then He adds: “Their sins and lawless acts I will remember no more.”

    Here: Literally "law-less-nesses": acts that break or ignore God's law (nomos). It comes right after v. 16's promise to write God's laws (nomous) on hearts. The breaches of that law are what God will not call up again.

1 John · 2
  1. 1 John 3:4 ἀνομίαν ἀνομία. lawlessness, lawlessness.

    Everyone who practices sin practices lawlessness as well. Indeed, sin is lawlessness.

    Here: Literally "lawlessness": living as though God's rule did not apply, rebellion against him. It is put before its verb for emphasis: "it is *lawlessness* he is doing".

Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.