Greek word · G5563

χωρίζω

chōrizō

to separate/leave

To divide, separate, or put space between. In the middle and passive forms it means to depart or go away. In marriage law it means to divorce or be divorced.

Appears 13 times in 12 verses of the Greek New Testament. ·

What it means

χωρίζω

[in LXX: 2 Chronicles 12:8, al. (בָּדַל ni., etc.), Wisdom of Solomon 1:3, 2Ma.5:21, al. ;]

1. to separate, divide, put asunder: with accusative of thing(s), opposite to συζεύγνυμι Matthew 19:6, Mark 10:9; with accusative of person(s), before ἀπό (Wisdom of Solomon 1:3), Romans 8:35, 39; pf. pass ptcp., Hebrews 7:26.

2. In late writers, mid. and 1 aor pass., to separate oneself, depart: Phm 15; before ἀπό Acts 1:4, ἐκ, Acts 18:1-2; of divorce (polyb., al.), 1 Corinthians 7:10-11 7:15 (cf. ἀπο-, δια-χωρίζω).†

(AS)

From G. Abbott-Smith, A Manual Greek Lexicon of the New Testament (1922), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).

In depth

From the study of Matthew 19:6

Range of meaning

To divide, separate, or put space between. In the middle and passive forms it means to depart or go away. In marriage law it means to divorce or be divorced.

Against the English

'Separate' and 'put asunder' sound general. Modern 'separation' can even mean a couple living apart without divorcing. The Greek in this setting is the ordinary term for ending a marriage.

How it drifted

English 'separate' now has a specific legal and pastoral sense, 'legal separation' as opposed to divorce, which the Greek does not carry. 'Put asunder' is archaic, and many people hear it vaguely as 'break up'.

Used elsewhere in the period

BDAG lists the meaning 'divorce' and cites papyrus marriage contracts and divorce documents from Greco-Roman Egypt, where chōrizesthai is standard. Paul uses it the same way in 1 Cor 7:10–11 and 7:15 ('if the unbeliever separates, let him separate'), which shows that early Christians heard the word as divorce.

From the study of 1 Corinthians 7:10

Range of meaning

Active: to divide, separate, put apart (Mark 10:9, "let no one separate"). Passive or middle: to be separated, to take oneself off, depart, leave (Acts 1:4; 18:1–2). In marriage documents and legal settings: to divorce, to end a marriage by leaving.

Against the English

"Separate" (BSB, NIV, ESV, YLT), "depart" (KJV) and "leave" (WEB, NASB, NLT) each pick up part of it. Modern English "separate" often suggests a temporary or legal separation that stops short of divorce. Greek had no such separate category.

How it drifted

Modern Western law distinguishes separation from divorce, and some church traditions (building on later canon law's separation "from bed and board") made the same distinction. Readers then hear that two-stage system in Paul's verb. In Greco-Roman society a marriage ended when one spouse left with the intention of ending it. No court decree was needed.

Used elsewhere in the period

Greek marriage and divorce documents from Egypt in the Augustan era (for example the Alexandrian contracts in BGU IV, discussed by Instone-Brewer and in Moulton–Milligan) use chōrizō, "separate from one another", for dissolving a marriage. Polybius and other Hellenistic writers use the passive to mean "depart". In the New Testament, Jesus' saying "what God has joined, let man not separate" (Mark 10:9; Matt 19:6) uses the same verb for undoing a marriage.

From the study of Hebrews 7:26

Range of meaning

Chōrizō means to separate, divide, or go away from a place. The perfect passive participle describes a lasting state that results from a past separation: "having been (and remaining) separated."

Against the English

KJV "separate from sinners" and BSB/NIV "set apart from sinners" can sound like social aloofness, or like the evangelical sense of "set apart" (consecrated). The Greek allows a moral sense (unlike sinners) and a spatial sense (removed from where sinners are). In context the spatial sense seems at least partly in view.

How it drifted

Modern "separate from" and "set apart" carry connotations of avoidance or of a separatist lifestyle. These do not fit a Jesus who ate with sinners and endured "hostility from sinners" (Heb 12:3).

Used elsewhere in the period

Mishnah Yoma 1:1 describes the high priest being "separated" from his house for seven days before the Day of Atonement so that he would not become impure. Many commentators see a possible echo of this here. Philo idealises the true high priest (the Logos) as free from all sin (On Flight 108–118).

Where it appears

Matthew · 1
  1. Matthew 19:6 χωριζέτω.¶ should separate.

    So they are no longer two, but one flesh. Therefore what God has joined together, let man not separate.”

    Here: A third-person command, 'let him not separate' or 'no one is to separate'. In marriage settings this was the ordinary Greek word for divorce, so Jesus is answering the divorce question he was asked in v.3.

Mark · 1
  1. Mark 10:9 χωριζέτω.¶ should separate.

    Therefore what God has joined together, let man not separate.”

Acts · 3
  1. Acts 1:4 χωρίζεσθαι, to depart,

    And while they were gathered together, He commanded them: “Do not leave Jerusalem, but wait for the gift the Father promised, which you have heard Me discuss.

    Here: Present tense, middle voice: 'not to take yourselves away'. Here it means leaving the city. For Galileans the obvious move would have been to go home after the festival, so the order goes against what they would naturally do.

  2. Acts 18:1 χωρισθεὶς having departed

    After this, Paul left Athens and went to Corinth.

  3. Acts 18:2 χωρίζεσθαι to depart

    There he found a Jew named Aquila, a native of Pontus, who had recently come from Italy with his wife Priscilla because Claudius had ordered all the Jews to leave Rome. Paul went to visit them,

    Here: 'To take themselves off, to depart.' Luke has just used the same verb for Paul leaving Athens (18:1). Paul has separated himself from Athens; the Jews have been made to separate themselves from Rome.

Romans · 2
  1. Romans 8:35 χωρίσει will separate

    Who shall separate us from the love of Christ? Shall trouble or distress or persecution or famine or nakedness or danger or sword?

    Here: Future tense: "will separate". The picture is of something coming between two parties and pulling them apart. The same verb ends the argument in v. 39: "nothing... will be able to separate us".

  2. Romans 8:39 χωρίσαι to separate

    neither height nor depth, nor anything else in all creation, will be able to separate us from the love of God that is in Christ Jesus our Lord.

    Here: "To separate", meaning to put space between and cut off. It repeats the question of 8:35, "Who will separate us from the love of Christ?" Elsewhere the word was used for separation in marriage (Matt 19:6; 1 Cor 7:10–15), so it can carry the sense of a broken relationship.

1 Corinthians · 4
  1. 1 Corinthians 7:10 χωρισθῆναι· is to be separated;

    To the married I give this command (not I, but the Lord): A wife must not separate from her husband.

    Here: Aorist passive infinitive. In Koine Greek this passive form often just means "to leave" or "go away" (Acts 18:1–2). Applied to marriage, it was everyday language for divorce, which in that world was carried out simply by one spouse leaving.

  2. 1 Corinthians 7:11 χωρισθῇ, she shall be separated,

    But if she does, she must remain unmarried or else be reconciled to her husband. And a husband must not divorce his wife.

  3. 1 Corinthians 7:15 χωρίζεται, χωριζέσθω· separates himself,, he should separate himself;

    But if the unbeliever leaves, let him go. The believing brother or sister is not bound in such cases. God has called you to live in peace.

    Here: Present tense, middle voice: "separates himself", "takes himself off". The unbeliever does it on their own initiative. In Greek and Roman life, walking out of a marriage like this was itself the divorce.

Philemon · 1
  1. Philemon 1:15 ἐχωρίσθη he was separated [from you]

    For perhaps this is why he was separated from you for a while, so that you might have him back for good—

Hebrews · 1
  1. Hebrews 7:26 κεχωρισμένος separated

    Such a high priest truly befits us—One who is holy, innocent, undefiled, set apart from sinners, and exalted above the heavens.

    Here: A perfect participle: a separation that happened and remains in effect. It probably refers both to his sinlessness and to the fact that he has now been removed from the realm of sinners into heaven (see the next phrase).

Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.