Hebrew word · H1316

בָּשָׁן

bashan

Bashan

The high, well-watered basalt plateau east and north-east of the Sea of Galilee (roughly the modern Golan and Hauran). It was famous for oaks (Isa 2:13), pasture and cattle. It was once the kingdom of Og (Num 21:33) and was later contested between Israel and Aram (2 Kgs 10:32–33).

Appears 60 times in 53 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·

What it means

§ Bashan = "fruitful"

a district east of the Jordan known for its fertility which was given to the half-tribe of Manasseh

Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).

In depth

From the study of Amos 4:1

Range of meaning

The high, well-watered basalt plateau east and north-east of the Sea of Galilee (roughly the modern Golan and Hauran). It was famous for oaks (Isa 2:13), pasture and cattle. It was once the kingdom of Og (Num 21:33) and was later contested between Israel and Aram (2 Kgs 10:32–33).

Against the English

English versions keep the name. Readers without a map lose the fact that it was a proverb for richness, much like saying "prize Angus beef" today.

Used elsewhere in the period

Deut 32:14; Mic 7:14 ("let them graze in Bashan"); Jer 50:19; Ezek 39:18; Ps 22:12; Ps 68:15 ("mountain of Bashan"). Under Jeroboam II, Israel regained northern Transjordan (2 Kgs 14:25), so Bashan's produce may literally have been flowing to Samaria.

From the study of Psalm 22:12

Range of meaning

Bashan was the high, volcanic, well-watered plateau east of the Sea of Galilee and north of the Yarmuk River, roughly today's Golan and the Hauran. It was famous for its cattle and rams (Deut 32:14), its oaks (Isa 2:13; Ezek 27:6) and its rich pasture (Mic 7:14; Jer 50:19). Before Israel it was the kingdom of Og, the last of the giant Rephaim (Deut 3:1–11), whose cities were Ashtaroth and Edrei.

Against the English

All English versions keep the name. Most readers do not know what it meant to an Israelite, so it reads as a bare place name.

How it drifted

No change in meaning. The associations have simply been lost: to a modern reader "Bashan" means nothing, while to an Israelite it meant prize livestock and old, proud power.

Used elsewhere in the period

Amos 4:1 calls the wealthy women of Samaria "you cows of Bashan" who crush the needy. Ezek 39:18 lists "rams, lambs, goats and bulls, all of them fatlings of Bashan." Ps 68:15–16 has "mountain of Bashan" looking with envy at Zion. In texts from Ugarit (13th century BC), Ashtaroth and Edrei, Og's two cities, are linked with Rapiu, a ruler of the dead, which suggests that region had underworld associations in Canaanite tradition.

From the study of Psalm 68:22

Range of meaning

A region: the basalt plateau and mountains east of the Jordan and the Sea of Galilee, north of Gilead (roughly today's Golan and Hauran). It was famous for oaks (Isa 2:13), fat cattle and bulls (Ps 22:12; Amos 4:1), and its high peaks (Ps 68:15–16, probably Hermon or the Hauran massif). It was the kingdom of Og, the giant king defeated at the conquest (Num 21:33–35; Deut 3:1–11).

Against the English

English versions all simply transliterate 'Bashan'. For a modern reader the name carries none of its associations: height, wildness, strength and pride, and the old enemy Og.

Used elsewhere in the period

Og is called the last of the Rephaim, the shadowy giants or dead heroes (Deut 3:11). His cities Ashtaroth and Edrei appear in Ugaritic texts as the seat of the god Rapiu (KTU 1.108). So Bashan had associations with the ancient dead and the underworld. Ugaritic also has a word bṯn, 'serpent', which sounds like Bashan. Some scholars think this verse plays on it (see debates).

Where it appears

Numbers · 3
  1. Numbers 21:33 הַבָּשָׁ֑ן הַבָּשָׁ֨ן <the> Bashan

    Then they turned and went up the road to Bashan, and Og king of Bashan and his whole army came out to meet them in battle at Edrei.

  2. Numbers 32:33 הַבָּשָׁ֑ן <the> Bashan

    So Moses gave to the Gadites, to the Reubenites, and to the half-tribe of Manasseh son of Joseph the kingdom of Sihon king of the Amorites and the kingdom of Og king of Bashan—the land including its cities and the territory surrounding them.

    Here: The fertile high plateau east of the Sea of Galilee. Hebrew writes it as "the Bashan," like a region name, and it was proverbial for its cattle and oaks.

Deuteronomy · 16
  1. Deuteronomy 1:4 הַבָּשָׁ֔ן <the> Bashan

    This was after he had defeated Sihon king of the Amorites, who lived in Heshbon, and then at Edrei had defeated Og king of Bashan, who lived in Ashtaroth.

  2. Deuteronomy 3:1 הַבָּשָׁ֑ן הַבָּשָׁ֨ן <the> Bashan

    Then we turned and went up the road to Bashan, and Og king of Bashan and his whole army came out to meet us in battle at Edrei.

  3. Deuteronomy 3:3 הַבָּשָׁ֖ן <the> Bashan

    So the LORD our God also delivered Og king of Bashan and his whole army into our hands. We struck them down until no survivor was left.

  4. Deuteronomy 3:4 בַּבָּשָֽׁן׃ in <the> Bashan

    At that time we captured all sixty of his cities. There was not a single city we failed to take—the entire region of Argob, the kingdom of Og in Bashan.

  5. Deuteronomy 3:10 הַבָּשָׁ֔ן בַּבָּשָֽׁן׃ <the> Bashan, in <the> Bashan

    all the cities of the plateau, all of Gilead, and all of Bashan as far as the cities of Salecah and Edrei in the kingdom of Og.

  6. Deuteronomy 3:11 הַבָּשָׁ֗ן <the> Bashan

    (For only Og king of Bashan had remained of the remnant of the Rephaim. His bed of iron, nine cubits long and four cubits wide, is still in Rabbah of the Ammonites.)

    Here: The fertile basalt plateau east and northeast of the Sea of Galilee, the modern Golan and Hauran. The Hebrew keeps the article ('the Bashan'), as if naming a region known by its character.

  7. Deuteronomy 3:13 הַבָּשָׁן֙ הַבָּשָׁ֔ן <the> Bashan

    To the half-tribe of Manasseh I gave the rest of Gilead and all of Bashan, the kingdom of Og. (The entire region of Argob, the whole territory of Bashan, used to be called the land of the Rephaim.)

  8. Deuteronomy 3:14 הַבָּשָׁן֙ <the> Bashan

    Jair, a descendant of Manasseh, took the whole region of Argob as far as the border of the Geshurites and Maacathites. He renamed Bashan after himself, Havvoth-jair, by which it is called to this day.

  9. Deuteronomy 4:43 בַּבָּשָׁ֖ן in <the> Bashan

    Bezer in the wilderness on the plateau belonging to the Reubenites, Ramoth in Gilead belonging to the Gadites, or Golan in Bashan belonging to the Manassites.

  10. Deuteronomy 4:47 הַבָּשָׁ֗ן <the> Bashan

    They took possession of the land belonging to Sihon and to Og king of Bashan—the two Amorite kings across the Jordan to the east—

  11. Deuteronomy 29:7 הַבָּשָׁ֧ן <the> Bashan

    When you reached this place, Sihon king of Heshbon and Og king of Bashan came out against us in battle, but we defeated them.

  12. Deuteronomy 32:14 בָשָׁן֙ Bashan

    with curds from the herd and milk from the flock, with the fat of lambs, with rams from Bashan, and goats, with the choicest grains of wheat. From the juice of the finest grapes you drank the wine.

    Here: The fertile volcanic plateau east and north-east of the Sea of Galilee, famous for its livestock. Naming it is like naming a premium brand.

  13. Deuteronomy 33:22 הַבָּשָֽׁן׃ <the> Bashan

    Concerning Dan he said: “Dan is a lion’s cub, leaping out of Bashan.”

Joshua · 15
  1. Joshua 9:10 הַבָּשָׁ֖ן <the> Bashan

    and all that He did to the two kings of the Amorites beyond the Jordan—Sihon king of Heshbon and Og king of Bashan, who reigned in Ashtaroth.

    Here: 'The Bashan', written with the article like a region name ('the Highlands'). It is the fertile volcanic plateau east and north-east of the Sea of Galilee, proverbial for fat cattle, oaks and strength (Ps 22:12; Amos 4:1).

  2. Joshua 12:4 הַבָּשָׁ֔ן <the> Bashan

    And Og king of Bashan, one of the remnant of the Rephaim, who lived in Ashtaroth and Edrei.

  3. Joshua 12:5 הַבָּשָׁ֔ן <the> Bashan

    He ruled over Mount Hermon, Salecah, all of Bashan up to the border of the Geshurites and Maacathites, and half of Gilead to the border of Sihon king of Heshbon.

    Here: Hebrew says 'the Bashan', with 'the', as one would say 'the plateau'. It is the fertile volcanic tableland east and north-east of the Sea of Galilee, famous for its cattle, oaks and pastures.

  4. Joshua 13:11 הַבָּשָׁ֖ן <the> Bashan

    also Gilead and the territory of the Geshurites and Maacathites, all of Mount Hermon, and all Bashan as far as Salecah—

  5. Joshua 13:12 בַּבָּשָׁ֔ן in <the> Bashan

    the whole kingdom of Og in Bashan, who had reigned in Ashtaroth and Edrei and had remained as a remnant of the Rephaim. Moses had struck them down and dispossessed them,

    Here: 'In the Bashan', with the article: the fertile volcanic tableland east and northeast of the Sea of Galilee. It was famous for its cattle and oaks.

  6. Joshua 13:30 הַבָּשָׁ֜ן הַבָּשָׁ֗ן בַּבָּשָׁ֖ן <the> Bashan, [are] in <the> Bashan

    The territory from Mahanaim through all Bashan—all the kingdom of Og king of Bashan, including all the towns of Jair that are in Bashan, sixty cities;

  7. Joshua 13:31 בַּבָּשָׁ֑ן in <the> Bashan

    half of Gilead; and Ashtaroth and Edrei, the royal cities of Og in Bashan. All this was for the clans of the descendants of Machir son of Manasseh, that is, half of the descendants of Machir.

    Here: The fertile volcanic plateau north of Gilead, famous for its cattle and oaks. 'The Bashan', with the article, names it as a known region.

  8. Joshua 17:1 וְהַבָּשָֽׁן׃ and <the> Bashan

    Now this was the allotment for the tribe of Manasseh as Joseph’s firstborn son, namely for Machir the firstborn of Manasseh and father of the Gileadites, who had received Gilead and Bashan because Machir was a man of war.

    Here: 'And the Bashan': the fertile tableland north of Gilead and east of the Sea of Galilee, once King Og's realm (Deut 3:1–13). It was proverbial for fat cattle and great oaks (Amos 4:1; Isa 2:13).

  9. Joshua 17:5 וְהַבָּשָׁ֔ן and <the> Bashan

    Thus ten shares fell to Manasseh, in addition to the land of Gilead and Bashan beyond the Jordan,

  10. Joshua 20:8 בַּבָּשָׁ֖ן in <the> Bashan

    And beyond the Jordan, east of Jericho, they designated Bezer on the wilderness plateau from the tribe of Reuben, Ramoth in Gilead from the tribe of Gad, and Golan in Bashan from the tribe of Manasseh.

  11. Joshua 21:6 בַבָּשָׁן֙ in <the> Bashan

    The descendants of Gershon received thirteen cities by lot from the tribes of Issachar, Asher, Naphtali, and the half-tribe of Manasseh in Bashan.

    Here: 'In Bashan' tells this half of Manasseh apart from the western half in verse 5. Bashan, written with the article as 'the Bashan', is the fertile plateau east of the Sea of Galilee. Two towns came from here, including the city of refuge Golan (Joshua 21:27).

  12. Joshua 21:27 בַּבָּשָׁן֙ in <the> Bashan

    This is what the Levite clans of the Gershonites were given: From the half-tribe of Manasseh they were given Golan in Bashan, a city of refuge for the manslayer, and Beeshterah—two cities, together with their pasturelands.

    Here: The fertile basalt plateau east and northeast of the Sea of Galilee, once Og's kingdom. It was famous for fat cattle and oaks. Hebrew writes it with 'the', as 'the Bashan', which treats it as a known region.

  13. Joshua 22:7 בַּבָּשָׁן֒ in <the> Bashan

    (To the half-tribe of Manasseh Moses had given land in Bashan, and to the other half Joshua gave land on the west side of the Jordan among their brothers.) When Joshua sent them to their homes he blessed them,

    Here: The high, fertile plateau east and northeast of the Sea of Galilee. It had been Og's kingdom and was famous for its cattle and oaks. The article ("the Bashan") is normal with this name.

1 Kings · 2
  1. 1 Kings 4:13 בַּבָּשָׁ֔ן [is] in <the> Bashan

    Ben-geber in Ramoth-gilead (the villages of Jair son of Manasseh in Gilead belonged to him, as well as the region of Argob in Bashan with its sixty great cities with walls and bronze bars);

  2. 1 Kings 4:19 הַבָּשָׁ֔ן <the> Bashan

    Geber son of Uri in the land of Gilead, including the territories of Sihon king of the Amorites and of Og king of Bashan. There was also one governor in the land of Judah.

2 Kings · 1
  1. 2 Kings 10:33 וְהַבָּשָֽׁן׃ and <the> Bashan

    from the Jordan eastward through all the land of Gilead (the region of Gad, Reuben, and Manasseh), and from Aroer by the Arnon Valley through Gilead to Bashan.

1 Chronicles · 6
  1. 1 Chronicles 5:11 הַבָּשָׁ֖ן <the> Bashan

    The descendants of Gad lived next to the Reubenites in the land of Bashan, as far as Salecah:

  2. 1 Chronicles 5:12 בַּבָּשָֽׁן׃ in <the> Bashan

    Joel was the chief, Shapham the second, then Jaanai and Shaphat, who lived in Bashan.

  3. 1 Chronicles 5:16 בַּבָּשָׁ֖ן in <the> Bashan

    They lived in Gilead, in Bashan and its towns, and throughout the pasturelands of Sharon.

  4. 1 Chronicles 5:23 מִבָּשָׁ֞ן from Bashan

    Now the people of the half-tribe of Manasseh were numerous. They settled in the land from Bashan to Baal-hermon (that is, Senir, also known as Mount Hermon).

  5. 1 Chronicles 6:62 בַּבָּשָׁ֔ן in <the> Bashan

    The Gershomites, according to their clans, were allotted thirteen cities from the tribes of Issachar, Asher, Naphtali, and Manasseh in Bashan.

  6. 1 Chronicles 6:71 בַּבָּשָׁ֖ן in <the> Bashan

    The Gershomites received the following: From the clan of the half-tribe of Manasseh they were given Golan in Bashan and also Ashtaroth, together with their pasturelands.

Nehemiah · 1
  1. Nehemiah 9:22 הַבָּשָֽׁן׃ <the> Bashan

    You gave them kingdoms and peoples and allotted to them every corner of the land. So they took the land of Sihon king of Heshbon and of Og king of Bashan.

    Here: The fertile highland north of the Yarmuk river (roughly the Golan and the Hauran), famous for its oaks and fattened cattle. Like many regions, its name carries the article: 'the Bashan'.

Psalms · 6
  1. Psalm 22:12 בָשָׁ֣ן Bashan

    Many bulls surround me; strong bulls of Bashan encircle me.

    Here: The rich grazing plateau east of the Sea of Galilee, famous for well-fed cattle. "Bulls of Bashan" means the biggest, best-fed, most powerful bulls there are.

  2. Psalm 68:15 בָּשָׁ֑ן בָּשָֽׁן׃ Bashan

    A mountain of God is Mount Bashan; a mountain of many peaks is Mount Bashan.

  3. Psalm 68:22 מִבָּשָׁ֣ן from Bashan

    The Lord said, “I will retrieve them from Bashan, I will bring them up from the depths of the sea,

    Here: 'From Bashan'. Bashan was the high, fertile plateau and mountain country east and north-east of the Sea of Galilee. In this psalm it is the proud 'mountain of Bashan' (vv. 15–16), and it stands for a far-off, lofty refuge: one end of the earth.

  4. Psalm 135:11 הַבָּשָׁ֑ן <the> Bashan

    Sihon king of the Amorites, Og king of Bashan, and all the kings of Canaan.

  5. Psalm 136:20 הַבָּשָׁ֑ן <the> Bashan

    and Og king of Bashan—His loving devotion endures forever.

Isaiah · 2
  1. Isaiah 2:13 הַבָּשָֽׁן׃ <the> Bashan

    against all the cedars of Lebanon, lofty and lifted up, against all the oaks of Bashan,

  2. Isaiah 33:9 בָּשָׁ֖ן Bashan

    The land mourns and languishes; Lebanon is ashamed and decayed. Sharon is like a desert; Bashan and Carmel shake off their leaves.

    Here: The fertile highland east of the Jordan and the Sea of Galilee, proverbial for oak forests and fat cattle.

Jeremiah · 2
  1. Jeremiah 22:20 וּבַבָּשָׁ֖ן and in <the> Bashan

    Go up to Lebanon and cry out; raise your voice in Bashan; cry out from Abarim, for all your lovers have been crushed.

  2. Jeremiah 50:19 וְהַבָּשָׁ֑ן and <the> Bashan

    I will return Israel to his pasture, and he will graze on Carmel and Bashan; his soul will be satisfied on the hills of Ephraim and Gilead.

    Here: 'And the Bashan': the high plateau east and northeast of the Sea of Galilee. It was famous for fat cattle, strong bulls and oak forests, and stood for the richest grazing anywhere.

Ezekiel · 2
  1. Ezekiel 27:6 מִבָּ֔שָׁן from Bashan

    Of oaks from Bashan they made your oars; of wood from the coasts of Cyprus they made your deck, inlaid with ivory.

  2. Ezekiel 39:18 בָשָׁ֖ן Bashan

    You will eat the flesh of the mighty and drink the blood of the princes of the earth as though they were rams, lambs, goats, and bulls—all the fattened animals of Bashan.

Amos · 1
  1. Amos 4:1 הַבָּשָׁן֙ <the> Bashan

    Hear this word, you cows of Bashan on Mount Samaria, you women who oppress the poor and crush the needy, who say to your husbands, “Bring us more to drink.”

    Here: The fertile plateau east of the Sea of Galilee, a byword for prime livestock (Deut 32:14; Ezek 39:18). "Cows of Bashan" means the best-fed cattle in the land.

Micah · 1
  1. Micah 7:14 בָשָׁ֛ן Bashan

    Shepherd with Your staff Your people, the flock of Your inheritance. They live alone in a woodland, surrounded by pastures. Let them graze in Bashan and Gilead, as in the days of old.

    Here: The high, well-watered plateau east of the Sea of Galilee. It was proverbial for fat cattle and rams (Deut 32:14; Amos 4:1). It stands for the best pasture there is.

Nahum · 1
  1. Nahum 1:4 בָּשָׁן֙ Bashan

    He rebukes the sea and dries it up; He makes all the rivers run dry. Bashan and Carmel wither, and the flower of Lebanon wilts.

    Here: The high plateau east of the Jordan and north of the Yarmuk, famous for rich pasture, fat cattle and oak forests. It was proverbial for fertility.

Zechariah · 1
  1. Zechariah 11:2 בָשָׁ֔ן Bashan

    Wail, O cypress, for the cedar has fallen; the majestic trees are ruined! Wail, O oaks of Bashan, for the dense forest has been cut down!

Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.