Hebrew word · H2100
זוּב
zavat
flowing
To flow, gush, stream out; to overflow. It describes the land 'flowing' with milk and honey, water gushing from rock, and also bodily discharges (Leviticus 15).
Appears 42 times in 41 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·
What it means
1) to flow, gush, issue, discharge
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to flow, gush
1a2) to die, pine away (fig.)
1a3) to flow (of issue from woman), have an issue, flux
1a4) flowing (participle)
Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).
In depth
From the study of Isaiah 48:21
- Range of meaning
To flow, gush, stream out; to overflow. It describes the land 'flowing' with milk and honey, water gushing from rock, and also bodily discharges (Leviticus 15).
- Against the English
'Gushed out' (BSB, KJV, WEB) captures the force well. YLT's 'flow do waters' is weaker.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Psalm 78:20 ('he struck the rock and waters gushed out', wayyāzûbû mayim, the same wording); Psalm 105:41 ('he opened the rock and waters gushed out'); Isaiah 48:21 is the third occurrence of this set phrase; Exodus 3:8 and many others for 'flowing with milk and honey'.
- Range of meaning
'Flowing of milk and honey': a fixed description of the land's richness, found about twenty times in the Torah, Joshua, Jeremiah and Ezekiel. 'Zuv' means to flow, gush or ooze. Milk comes from flocks and herds. Honey is the land's concentrated sweetness.
- Against the English
Every version keeps the phrase. 'Flowing with' supplies the 'with'; the Hebrew simply joins 'flowing' directly to 'milk and honey.'
- How it drifted
In modern idiom 'a land of milk and honey' means a place of easy wealth or a dream paradise, and in hymns 'Canaan' became a picture of heaven. In Exodus it is a real, located territory, rich in pasture and produce. Deuteronomy says plainly that it depends on rain from heaven and on keeping the covenant (Deut 11:9–17).
- Used elsewhere in the period
The Egyptian Tale of Sinuhe (early second millennium BC) describes the Syro-Canaanite land of Yaa: 'Figs were in it and grapes; it had more wine than water; plentiful was its honey, abundant its oil, all kinds of fruit on its trees.' In the Ugaritic Baal myth (KTU 1.6 III), the return of fertility is pictured as 'the heavens rain oil, the wadis run with honey.' In Num 16:13, Dathan and Abiram bitterly turn the phrase around and apply it to Egypt.
- Range of meaning
Zav means flowing, oozing or dripping. Chalav is milk, mostly from goats and sheep. Devash is a thick sweet substance: wild bee honey, and also syrup boiled down from dates, figs or grapes (still called dibs in Arabic).
- Against the English
Every major English version says 'flowing with milk and honey.' That is accurate. Modern readers usually picture bee honey and tidy farmland. The Hebrew picture is closer to rich grazing for flocks and abundant sweetness, whether wild or from fruit trees.
- How it drifted
'Honey' in modern English means only the product of bees. Devash was broader. Ancient Jewish interpreters already read the 'honey' of the land's produce as date syrup (Rashi on Deut 8:8, following earlier rabbinic tradition). 2 Chronicles 31:5 lists devash among farm produce brought as firstfruits, which suggests a fruit product.
- Used elsewhere in the period
This phrase is the Torah's standard description of Canaan (Exod 3:8, 17; 33:3; Lev 20:24; Num 13:27; Deut 6:3; 11:9). Bee honey is clearly meant in Judges 14:8–9 and 1 Samuel 14:25–27. Archaeologists found an apiary of the 10th–9th centuries BCE at Tel Rehov in the Jordan Valley, with dozens of clay hives, so beekeeping did exist. An Egyptian text, the Tale of Sinuhe (Middle Kingdom), describes the land of Yaa in Canaan as having 'figs and grapes… more wine than water, plentiful was its honey.'
Where it appears
Exodus · 4
-
Exodus 3:8 זָבַ֥ת flowing of
I have come down to rescue them from the hand of the Egyptians and to bring them up out of that land to a good and spacious land, a land flowing with milk and honey—the home of the Canaanites, Hittites, Amorites, Perizzites, Hivites, and Jebusites.
Here: 'Flowing with' (literally 'the flowing of'). The verb is used for liquid that seeps or gushes, such as water from a rock or bodily discharges. The picture is a land so rich that its food runs out of it.
-
Exodus 3:17 זָבַ֥ת flowing of
And I have promised to bring you up out of your affliction in Egypt, into the land of the Canaanites, Hittites, Amorites, Perizzites, Hivites, and Jebusites—a land flowing with milk and honey.’
Here: A participle (a verb form used as a description), linked to the nouns that follow. It means 'gushing, oozing, overflowing,' a verb used elsewhere for water running from a rock (Ps 78:20). The land is pictured as running over with produce.
-
Exodus 13:5 זָבַ֥ת flowing of
And when the LORD brings you into the land of the Canaanites, Hittites, Amorites, Hivites, and Jebusites—the land He swore to your fathers that He would give you, a land flowing with milk and honey—you shall keep this service in this month.
Here: An active form meaning 'flowing with.' Elsewhere the verb is used of liquid streaming or oozing, even bodily discharges (Lev 15). It is a vivid, physical picture of overflowing plenty.
-
Exodus 33:3 זָבַ֥ת flowing of
Go up to a land flowing with milk and honey. But I will not go with you, because you are a stiff-necked people; otherwise, I might destroy you on the way.”
Here: An active participle (a verb used as an ongoing description) in the linked form "flowing-of." It shows the land as constantly running over, as if it can't hold in what it produces. The same verb is used for liquids that seep or gush.
Leviticus · 16
-
Leviticus 15:2 זָ֣ב discharging
“Say to the Israelites, ‘When any man has a bodily discharge, the discharge is unclean.
-
Leviticus 15:4 הַזָּ֖ב the [one] discharging
Any bed on which the man with the discharge lies will be unclean, and any furniture on which he sits will be unclean.
-
Leviticus 15:6 הַזָּ֑ב the [one] discharging
Whoever sits on furniture on which the man with the discharge was sitting must wash his clothes and bathe with water, and he will be unclean until evening.
-
Leviticus 15:7 הַזָּ֑ב the [one] discharging
Whoever touches the body of the man with a discharge must wash his clothes and bathe with water, and he will be unclean until evening.
-
Leviticus 15:8 הַזָּ֖ב the [one] discharging
If the man with the discharge spits on one who is clean, that person must wash his clothes and bathe with water, and he will be unclean until evening.
-
Leviticus 15:9 הַזָּ֖ב the [one] discharging
Any saddle on which the man with the discharge rides will be unclean.
-
Leviticus 15:11 הַזָּ֔ב the [one] discharging
If the man with the discharge touches anyone without first rinsing his hands with water, the one who was touched must wash his clothes and bathe with water, and he will be unclean until evening.
-
Leviticus 15:12 הַזָּ֖ב the [one] discharging
Any clay pot that the man with the discharge touches must be broken, and any wooden utensil must be rinsed with water.
-
Leviticus 15:13 הַזָּב֙ the [one] discharging
When the man has been cleansed from his discharge, he must count off seven days for his cleansing, wash his clothes, and bathe himself in fresh water, and he shall be clean.
-
Leviticus 15:19 זָבָ֔ה discharging
When a woman has a discharge consisting of blood from her body, she will be unclean due to her menstruation for seven days, and anyone who touches her will be unclean until evening.
-
Leviticus 15:25 יָזוּב֩ תָז֖וּב it will discharge, she will discharge
When a woman has a discharge of her blood for many days at a time other than her menstrual period, or if it continues beyond her period, she will be unclean all the days of her unclean discharge, just as she is during the days of her menstruation.
-
Leviticus 15:32 הַזָּ֑ב the [one] discharging
This is the law of him who has a discharge, of the man who has an emission of semen whereby he is unclean,
-
Leviticus 15:33 וְהַזָּב֙ and the [one] discharging
of a woman in her menstrual period, of any male or female who has a discharge, and of a man who lies with an unclean woman.’”
-
Leviticus 20:24 זָבַ֥ת flowing of
But I have told you that you will inherit their land, since I will give it to you as an inheritance—a land flowing with milk and honey. I am the LORD your God, who has set you apart from the peoples.
Here: A participle ("flowing") describing a land that is constantly running over. The verb pictures liquid seeping or streaming out. Elsewhere in Leviticus (ch. 15) it is the technical word for bodily discharges, but in this fixed phrase it simply means overflowing richness.
-
Leviticus 22:4 זָ֔ב [is] discharging
If a descendant of Aaron has a skin disease or a discharge, he may not eat the sacred offerings until he is clean. Whoever touches anything defiled by a corpse or by a man who has an emission of semen,
Numbers · 5
-
Numbers 5:2 זָ֑ב [one who] has a discharge
“Command the Israelites to send away from the camp anyone with a skin disease, anyone who has a bodily discharge, and anyone who is defiled by a dead body.
Here: An active participle: 'one who flows'. In Leviticus 15 it is the technical term for a person with an abnormal, ongoing genital discharge: a man with a chronic flow (15:2–15), or by extension a woman with bleeding outside her normal period (15:25–30). It does not mean an ordinary runny wound.
-
Numbers 13:27 זָבַ֨ת [is] flowing of
And they gave this account to Moses: “We went into the land to which you sent us, and indeed, it is flowing with milk and honey. Here is some of its fruit!
Here: A present-tense participle, 'flowing of': a lasting condition, not a one-off. The verb pictures liquid running out freely (it is used of water gushing from the rock, Ps 78:20), so the land seems to overflow with what it produces.
-
Numbers 14:8 זָבַ֥ת [is] flowing of
If the LORD delights in us, He will bring us into this land, a land flowing with milk and honey, and He will give it to us.
Here: An ongoing action ('is flowing'), tied grammatically to the words that follow. The land is pictured as running over or oozing with its produce. It is a vivid, almost physical image of abundance.
-
Numbers 16:13 זָבַ֤ת flowing of
Is it not enough that you have brought us up out of a land flowing with milk and honey to kill us in the wilderness? Must you also appoint yourself as ruler over us?
-
Numbers 16:14 זָבַ֨ת flowing of
Moreover, you have not brought us into a land flowing with milk and honey or given us an inheritance of fields and vineyards. Will you gouge out the eyes of these men? No, we will not come!”
Deuteronomy · 6
-
Deuteronomy 6:3 זָבַ֥ת flowing of
Hear, O Israel, and be careful to observe them, so that you may prosper and multiply greatly in a land flowing with milk and honey, just as the LORD, the God of your fathers, has promised you.
Here: 'Flowing with.' The verb describes liquid running freely, which gives a picture of overflowing abundance.
-
Deuteronomy 11:9 זָבַ֥ת flowing of
and so that you may live long in the land that the LORD swore to your fathers to give them and their descendants, a land flowing with milk and honey.
Here: "Flowing with": the verb for liquid that streams, gushes or runs over. The land is pictured as so rich that its produce runs out of it.
-
Deuteronomy 26:9 זָבַ֥ת flowing of
And He brought us to this place and gave us this land, a land flowing with milk and honey.
-
Deuteronomy 26:15 זָבַ֥ת flowing of
Look down from Your holy habitation, from heaven, and bless Your people Israel and the land You have given us as You swore to our fathers—a land flowing with milk and honey.”
Here: 'Flowing/oozing with.' The verb is used for liquid running out, including water from a rock (Ps 78:20) and bodily discharges (Lev 15). The land is pictured as so full that richness seeps out of it.
-
Deuteronomy 27:3 זָבַ֤ת flowing of
Write on them all the words of this law when you have crossed over to enter the land that the LORD your God is giving you, a land flowing with milk and honey, just as the LORD, the God of your fathers, has promised you.
-
Deuteronomy 31:20 זָבַ֤ת flowing of
When I have brought them into the land that I swore to give their fathers, a land flowing with milk and honey, they will eat their fill and prosper. Then they will turn to other gods and worship them, and they will reject Me and break My covenant.
Here: 'Flowing of.' A word used of liquids running freely. The land is pictured as overflowing with food.
Joshua · 1
-
Joshua 5:6 זָבַ֥ת flowing of
For the Israelites had wandered in the wilderness forty years, until all the nation’s men of war who had come out of Egypt had died, since they did not obey the LORD. So the LORD vowed never to let them see the land He had sworn to their fathers to give us, a land flowing with milk and honey.
Here: 'Flowing of': the land runs or oozes with richness. The verb is used of liquid that seeps or streams out.
2 Samuel · 1
-
2 Samuel 3:29 זָ֠ב [one who] suffers a discharge
May it whirl over the head of Joab and over the entire house of his father, and may the house of Joab never be without one having a discharge or skin disease, or one who leans on a staff or falls by the sword or lacks food.”
Psalms · 2
-
Psalm 78:20 וַיָּז֣וּבוּ and they flowed out
When He struck the rock, water gushed out and torrents raged. But can He also give bread or supply His people with meat?”
Here: 'And they flowed out'. It is the verb of the 'land flowing with milk and honey' and is used again for the rock-water in Psalm 105:41 and Isaiah 48:21. It pictures a steady, abundant stream, not a trickle.
-
Psalm 105:41 וַיָּז֣וּבוּ and they flowed out
He opened a rock, and water gushed out; it flowed like a river in the desert.
Here: 'And they flowed out.' The verb pictures liquid running freely and steadily. It is the same verb as in the familiar phrase 'a land flowing (zāvat) with milk and honey'. The verb form tells what happened next: God opened, and right away the waters ran.
Isaiah · 1
-
Isaiah 48:21 וַיָּזֻ֖בוּ and they flowed out
They did not thirst when He led them through the deserts; He made water flow for them from the rock; He split the rock, and water gushed out.
Here: 'And [the waters] gushed out.' This is the verb behind 'a land flowing with milk and honey'. It suggests abundant, overflowing flow, not a trickle. The same phrase, 'and waters gushed', appears in Psalm 78:20 and Psalm 105:41.
Jeremiah · 3
-
Jeremiah 11:5 זָבַ֥ת flowing of
This was in order to establish the oath I swore to your forefathers, to give them a land flowing with milk and honey, as it is to this day.” “Amen, LORD,” I answered.
Here: A participle (a verb form describing ongoing action): 'oozing, running over'. Elsewhere it is used of liquids seeping out, so the picture is of richness spilling over.
-
Jeremiah 32:22 זָבַ֥ת flowing of
You gave them this land that You had sworn to give their fathers, a land flowing with milk and honey.
Here: An ongoing action: the land keeps oozing and running over. The verb is also used of water gushing from a rock and of bodily discharges, so the picture is liquid that cannot be held back.
-
Jeremiah 49:4 זָ֣ב [is] flowing
Why do you boast of your valleys—your valleys so fruitful, O faithless daughter? You trust in your riches and say, ‘Who can come against me?’
Lamentations · 1
-
Lamentations 4:9 יָז֙וּבוּ֙ they flow away
Those slain by the sword are better off than those who die of hunger, who waste away, pierced with pain because the fields lack produce.
Ezekiel · 2
-
Ezekiel 20:6 זָבַ֤ת flowing of
On that day I swore to bring them out of the land of Egypt into a land that I had searched out for them, a land flowing with milk and honey, the glory of all lands.
Here: "Flowing with": a picture of liquid running over. The same verb is used of water gushing from the rock (Ps 78:20). The land overflows with plenty.
-
Ezekiel 20:15 זָבַ֤ת flowing of
Moreover, with an uplifted hand I swore to them in the wilderness that I would not bring them into the land that I had given them—a land flowing with milk and honey, the glory of all lands—
Here: 'Flowing with'. The word describes a liquid that runs over, so the land streams with good things. Elsewhere the same verb describes water gushing from a rock (Psalm 78:20).
Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.