Aramaic word · H2376

חֱזוּ

vechezvei

vision

The word means a vision, a thing seen, an appearance. In Daniel it covers both dream visions and the general look of something (7:20, 'its appearance was greater'). The phrase 'visions of my head' is a fixed idiom in the Aramaic chapters (2:28; 4:5, 10, 13; 7:1, 15).

A Biblical Aramaic word, from the parts of the Old Testament written in Aramaic. Why Aramaic?

Appears 12 times in 12 verses of the Aramaic of the Old Testament. ·

What it means

1) vision, appearance

1a) vision

1b) appearance

Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).

In depth

From the study of Daniel 7:15

Range of meaning

The word means a vision, a thing seen, an appearance. In Daniel it covers both dream visions and the general look of something (7:20, 'its appearance was greater'). The phrase 'visions of my head' is a fixed idiom in the Aramaic chapters (2:28; 4:5, 10, 13; 7:1, 15).

Against the English

KJV and WEB keep 'visions of my head'. BSB and NASB have 'visions in my mind', and NIV adds that they 'passed through' his mind. The modern versions give the right sense but drop the bodily idiom.

Used elsewhere in the period

The idiom 'visions of my head upon my bed' (2:28; 4:10; 7:1) ties these visions to sleep and dreaming. Visions received at night by kings and seers were a standard channel of revelation across the ancient Near East (Mesopotamian dream reports, Gen 41).

From the study of Daniel 4:13

Range of meaning

'Visions of my head'. This is a fixed Aramaic phrase in Daniel (2:28; 4:5, 10, 13; 7:1, 15) for what a person sees in a dream. ḥezû comes from ḥăzāʾ, 'to see', the root behind the Hebrew word for a seer (ḥōzeh).

Against the English

KJV, WEB and YLT keep 'visions of my head'. BSB has 'visions of my mind', which is natural English, but modern ears may hear 'mind' as imagination or a private mental picture.

How it drifted

Modern English separates 'mind' (thoughts, imagination) from what is real. Ancient readers had no such split for dreams. A dream was a real channel for messages from the divine world.

Used elsewhere in the period

Mesopotamian royal inscriptions and dream-books, such as the Assyrian Dream Book, treat a king's night visions as messages from the gods that need expert interpretation. Daniel 2 and 4 assume the same thing.

From the study of Daniel 2:19

Range of meaning

A vision or appearance: something seen, especially a revelatory sight. Elsewhere in Daniel it can also mean the 'look' or appearance of something (7:20). It comes from ḥăzāʾ, 'to see', the same root as Hebrew ḥōzeh, 'seer'.

Against the English

'Vision' is accurate. 'Night vision' (KJV) can sound to a modern ear like military optics. 'Vision of the night' (WEB, YLT) is clearer.

Used elsewhere in the period

Daniel 4:5–10 and 7:1–2, 7, 13 use 'visions of my head upon my bed' and 'in the visions of the night'. Here the line between dream and vision is thin. Job 4:13; 33:15 and Genesis 46:2 likewise put divine messages in 'visions of the night'.

Where it appears

Daniel · 12
  1. Daniel 2:19 בְּחֶזְוָ֥א in vision the

    During the night, the mystery was revealed to Daniel in a vision, and he blessed the God of heaven

    Here: 'In the vision'. From the verb 'to see' (ḥăzāʾ). Elsewhere in Daniel's Aramaic it means visions seen while lying in bed at night (4:10; 7:1–2), so a dream-vision is most likely meant here.

  2. Daniel 2:28 וְחֶזְוֵ֥י and [the] visions of

    But there is a God in heaven who reveals mysteries, and He has made known to King Nebuchadnezzar what will happen in the latter days. Your dream and the visions that came into your mind as you lay on your bed were these:

    Here: 'And the visions of'. These are things seen. Dream and vision are paired as two ways of describing the same night-time revelation.

  3. Daniel 4:5 וְחֶזְוֵ֥י and [the] visions of

    I had a dream, and it frightened me; while I was in my bed, the images and visions in my mind alarmed me.

    Here: "And the visions of." The noun comes from the verb "to see" (ḥăzâ) earlier in the verse. In Daniel it is the regular word for revelatory sights (2:19; 7:1–2, 7, 13, 15).

  4. Daniel 4:9 חֶזְוֵ֨י [the] visions of

    “O Belteshazzar, chief of the magicians, I know that the spirit of the holy gods is in you and that no mystery baffles you. So explain to me the visions I saw in my dream, and their interpretation.

    Here: "The visions of": the scenes the king saw while he slept. In v. 10 he calls them "the visions of my head".

  5. Daniel 4:10 וְחֶזְוֵ֥י and [the] visions of

    In these visions of my mind as I was lying in bed, I saw this come to pass: There was a tree in the midst of the land, and its height was great.

  6. Daniel 4:13 בְּחֶזְוֵ֥י in [the] visions of

    As I lay on my bed, I also saw in the visions of my mind a watcher, a holy one, coming down from heaven.

    Here: 'In the visions of'. It comes from the same root as 'seeing' and names what was seen in the dream. The plural is the normal idiom in Daniel (2:28; 4:5, 10; 7:1).

  7. Daniel 7:1 וְחֶזְוֵ֥י and [the] visions of

    In the first year of the reign of Belshazzar over Babylon, Daniel had a dream, and visions passed through his mind as he lay on his bed. He wrote down the dream, and this is the summary of his account.

    Here: 'And visions of'. Plural: a series of scenes, which is how the chapter unfolds (beast after beast, then the throne). There is no verb in this clause; 'he saw' is understood from before.

  8. Daniel 7:2 בְּחֶזְוִ֖י in vision my

    Daniel declared: “In my vision in the night I looked, and suddenly the four winds of heaven were churning up the great sea.

    Here: 'In my vision'. The noun comes from the same root as 'seeing'. It means something revealed and seen, here received in a dream on his bed (7:1), not ordinary sight.

  9. Daniel 7:7 בְּחֶזְוֵ֣י in [the] visions of

    After this, as I watched in my vision in the night, suddenly a fourth beast appeared, and it was terrifying—dreadful and extremely strong—with large iron teeth. It devoured and crushed; then it trampled underfoot whatever was left. It was different from all the beasts before it, and it had ten horns.

    Here: 'In the visions of'. The plural is a set phrase for the scenes revealed in a dream (compare 2:28; 4:10; 7:1-2).

  10. Daniel 7:13 בְּחֶזְוֵ֣י in [the] visions of

    In my vision in the night I continued to watch, and I saw One like the Son of Man coming with the clouds of heaven. He approached the Ancient of Days and was led into His presence.

    Here: 'In the visions of'. The plural describes revelation that comes in a series of scenes. It is the same root as 'seeing', so the Aramaic reads as a play on words: 'seeing… in the seeings'.

  11. Daniel 7:15 וְחֶזְוֵ֥י and [the] visions of

    I, Daniel, was grieved in my spirit, and the visions in my mind alarmed me.

    Here: 'And the visions of…' refers to the dream visions of 7:1–14 that Daniel has just recounted: the four beasts, the Ancient of Days and the one like a son of man.

  12. Daniel 7:20 וְחֶזְוַ֖הּ and appearance its

    I also wanted to know about the ten horns on its head and the other horn that came up, before which three of them fell—the horn whose appearance was more imposing than the others, with eyes and with a mouth that spoke words of arrogance.

Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.