Aramaic word · H3028

יַד

yad-

hand

Hand. By extension it means power, control, grip or custody. 'From the hand of X' is an idiom for 'out of X's power'.

A Biblical Aramaic word, from the parts of the Old Testament written in Aramaic. Why Aramaic?

Appears 17 times in 16 verses of the Aramaic of the Old Testament. ·

What it means

1) hand

2) power (fig.)

Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).

In depth

From the study of Daniel 6:27

Range of meaning

Hand. By extension it means power, control, grip or custody. 'From the hand of X' is an idiom for 'out of X's power'.

Against the English

BSB, KJV, WEB, ESV and NIV all have 'power of the lions'. That captures the idiom but loses the physical picture. YLT's 'paw of the lions' keeps it.

Used elsewhere in the period

The same idiom appears in Dan 3:15 ('out of my hands') and in the Hebrew Bible constantly: 'from the hand of Pharaoh/Egyptians' (Exod 3:8; 18:10), 'from the paw (yad) of the lion and the bear' (1 Sam 17:37).

From the study of Daniel 2:34

Range of meaning

Yad means hand, and by extension power, agency or control. The dual form bîdayin, "by [a pair of] hands", refers to a worker's hands. "Not by hands" is an idiom meaning "without human agency".

Against the English

KJV/WEB/YLT "without hands" is literal and keeps the idiom. BSB/NIV "not by human hands" and ESV "by no human hand" spell out the meaning, which is fair, because the point is human hands specifically.

Used elsewhere in the period

Daniel 8:25 (in Hebrew) says the arrogant king will be "broken without hand" (beʾepes yād), the same idea of a fall God brings about. Idol polemic constantly calls idols "the work of human hands" (Ps 115:4; Isa 2:8; 44:9–20), and Dan 5:4, 23 mocks gods of gold, silver, bronze and iron, the very metals of this statue. In Second Temple and New Testament Greek the related adjective acheiropoiētos, "not made with hands", describes a God-made temple or house (Mark 14:58; 2 Cor 5:1; Heb 9:11).

From the study of Daniel 5:5

Range of meaning

Yad means hand, and by extension power, agency, control. ’Ĕnāš means a human being or humankind. Daniel uses it for mortals in contrast to God or heavenly beings (e.g. 4:17, 'the Most High rules over the kingdom of men'; 7:13, 'one like a son of man').

Against the English

KJV and WEB: 'a man's hand'. BSB, NIV and ESV: 'a human hand'. All are accurate. 'Human' brings out that ’ĕnāš is generic (a human being), not specifically male.

Used elsewhere in the period

Behind the scene is the biblical image of God writing: the tablets written 'by the finger of God' (Exod 31:18; Deut 9:10), and the magicians' admission 'This is the finger of God' (Exod 8:19). Daniel 5:24 states that the hand was 'sent from his presence'.

Where it appears

Ezra · 5
  1. Ezra 5:8 בְּיֶדְהֹֽם׃ ס in hand their

    Let it be known to the king that we went into the province of Judah, to the house of the great God. The people are rebuilding it with large stones and placing timbers in the walls. This work is being carried out diligently and is prospering in their hands.

    Here: 'In their hand': under their direction and by their labour. 'Their' points ahead to the Jewish elders the officials question in the next verse.

  2. Ezra 5:12 בְּיַ֛ד in [the] hand of

    But since our fathers angered the God of heaven, He delivered them into the hand of Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon, the Chaldean who destroyed this temple and carried away the people to Babylon.

  3. Ezra 6:12 יְדֵ֗הּ hand his

    May God, who has caused His Name to dwell there, overthrow any king or people who lifts a hand to alter this decree or to destroy this house of God in Jerusalem. I, Darius, have issued the decree. Let it be carried out with diligence.

    Here: "His hand". To "send out the hand" against something is a standard idiom for attacking it or seizing it.

  4. Ezra 7:14 בִידָֽךְ׃ [is] in hand your

    You are sent by the king and his seven counselors to evaluate Judah and Jerusalem according to the Law of your God, which is in your hand.

  5. Ezra 7:25 בִידָךְ֙ [is] in hand your

    And you, Ezra, according to the wisdom of your God, which you possess, are to appoint magistrates and judges to judge all the people west of the Euphrates—all who know the laws of your God. And you are to teach these laws to anyone who does not know them.

    Here: 'Which is in your hand.' This echoes v. 14, 'the law of your God which is in your hand.' The wisdom is most likely the law scroll Ezra literally carries, and 'hand' also implies that it is in his keeping and under his authority.

Daniel · 12
  1. Daniel 2:34 בִידַ֔יִן [was] by hands

    As you watched, a stone was cut out, but not by human hands. It struck the statue on its feet of iron and clay, and crushed them.

    Here: "By hands". The word is in the dual form, meaning a pair of hands, the hands of a worker. The phrase means no human agency was involved. It sets the stone against things "made by human hands", such as idols and the statue itself.

  2. Daniel 2:38 בִּידָ֔ךְ in hand your

    Wherever the sons of men or beasts of the field or birds of the air dwell, He has given them into your hand and has made you ruler over them all. You are that head of gold.

    Here: 'Into your hand' is the standard idiom for putting something under someone's control or power. It is the language of conquest and handing over.

  3. Daniel 2:45 בִידַ֗יִן [was] by hands

    And just as you saw a stone being cut out of the mountain without human hands, and it shattered the iron, bronze, clay, silver, and gold, so the great God has told the king what will happen in the future. The dream is true, and its interpretation is trustworthy.”

    Here: "By hands," in the dual form for a pair of hands. The statue was the kind of thing craftsmen's hands make. The stone is not, so its source is God.

  4. Daniel 3:15 יְדָֽי׃ hands my

    Now when you hear the sound of the horn, flute, zither, lyre, harp, pipes, and all kinds of music, if you are ready to fall down and worship the statue I have made, very good. But if you refuse to worship, you will be thrown at once into the blazing fiery furnace. Then what god will be able to deliver you from my hands?”

    Here: 'My hands', meaning his power and grip. The boast echoes the Assyrian taunt 'deliver out of my hand' (2 Kings 18:35).

  5. Daniel 3:17 יְדָ֥ךְ hand your

    If the God whom we serve exists, then He is able to deliver us from the blazing fiery furnace and from your hand, O king.

    Here: 'Your hand' means your power or control. It picks up the king's 'from my hands' in v.15.

  6. Daniel 4:35 בִידֵ֔הּ on hand his

    All the peoples of the earth are counted as nothing, and He does as He pleases with the army of heaven and the peoples of the earth. There is no one who can restrain His hand or say to Him, ‘What have You done?’”

    Here: 'His hand' stands for his power in action. Compare Nebuchadnezzar's taunt in 3:15: 'what god will deliver you out of my hands?'

  7. Daniel 5:5 יַד־ יְדָ֖ה a hand of, hand the

    At that moment the fingers of a human hand appeared and wrote on the plaster of the wall, near the lampstand in the royal palace. As the king watched the hand that was writing,

    Here: 'A hand of…'. A hand with no arm and no body attached, which is the source of the horror.

  8. Daniel 5:23 בִּידֵ֛הּ [is] in hand his

    Instead, you have exalted yourself against the Lord of heaven. The vessels from His house were brought to you, and as you drank wine from them with your nobles, wives, and concubines, you praised your gods of silver and gold, bronze and iron, wood and stone, which cannot see or hear or understand. But you have failed to glorify the God who holds in His hand your very breath and all your ways.

    Here: 'In his hand.' In the Bible the hand stands for power and control. It also echoes the hand that wrote on the wall (5:5, 24).

  9. Daniel 5:24 יְדָ֑א hand the

    Therefore He sent the hand that wrote the inscription.

    Here: 'The hand', the same as in 5:5. It deliberately echoes verse 23: the God 'in whose hand' (bîdēh) is your breath now sends a hand. The hand that holds the king's life writes out his sentence.

  10. Daniel 6:27 יַ֖ד [the] hand of

    He delivers and rescues; He performs signs and wonders in the heavens and on the earth, for He has rescued Daniel from the power of the lions.”

    Here: 'Hand of', meaning grip, reach or power. For lions the concrete picture is the paw, which is why YLT has 'paw'. It echoes Nebuchadnezzar's challenge in 3:15: 'who is the god who will deliver you out of my hands?'

  11. Daniel 7:25 בִּידֵ֔הּ in hand his

    He will speak out against the Most High and oppress the saints of the Most High, intending to change the appointed times and laws; and the saints will be given into his hand for a time, and times, and half a time.

    Here: "Into his hand". The hand stands for power and control. To be given into someone's hand is to be put under their power.

Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.