Hebrew word · H3833

לָבִיא

lavi'

lion

Lion. It is one of several Hebrew lion words (alongside ʾaryeh, kefir and others). Some lexicons suggest it may sometimes mean the lioness, but here the plural simply means 'lions'.

Appears 14 times in 14 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·

What it means

lion

Also means: le.viy.ya (לְבִיָּא "lioness" H3833B)

Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).

In depth

From the study of Psalm 57:4

Range of meaning

Lion. It is one of several Hebrew lion words (alongside ʾaryeh, kefir and others). Some lexicons suggest it may sometimes mean the lioness, but here the plural simply means 'lions'.

Against the English

All major versions say 'lions'. That is accurate. The point is how the image worked, not the word.

Used elsewhere in the period

Gen 49:9 (Judah); Num 23:24; 24:9; Job 4:11. The lion is the commonest picture of the violent enemy in the Psalms: 7:2; 10:9; 17:12; 22:13, 21; 35:17; 58:6. Assyrian kings displayed royal lion hunts to show they mastered chaos. The Asiatic lion lived in the Levant until roughly the Crusader period, so the image was real, not storybook.

From the study of Isaiah 5:29

Range of meaning

Biblical Hebrew has several words for lion. ʾaryeh/ʾari is the common one. Laviʾ is poetic and literary, often used in parallel with other lion words (Gen 49:9; Num 23:24; Job 4:11). Kefir is a young lion at full strength, old enough to hunt (Judg 14:5; Ps 104:21; Ezek 19:2–3), clearly different from gur, 'cub'. The feminine form lᵉviyyaʾ appears once (Ezek 19:2) for a lioness.

Against the English

Most versions say 'lion' and 'young lions'. WEB and YLT say 'lioness' for laviʾ, following older lexicons that linked the word to the female. 'Young lions' can sound like cubs to a modern ear, but kefirim are strong hunters in their prime.

Used elsewhere in the period

Cognates: Akkadian labbu and Ugaritic lbu, 'lion'. Lions lived in Judah's thickets and the Jordan valley in the Iron Age (1 Kgs 13:24; Jer 49:19). Assyrian royal inscriptions regularly liken the king to a raging lion, and Assyrian palace reliefs show royal lion hunts.

From the study of Numbers 24:9

Range of meaning

A poetic word for lion, almost always set alongside the ordinary word ʾărî or kəfîr (Genesis 49:9; Numbers 23:24; Job 4:11; Isaiah 30:6). There is a clearly feminine form, ləviyyāʾ, in Ezekiel 19:2. Related words in other Semitic languages, such as Akkadian labbu, mean 'lion'.

Against the English

BSB, WEB, ESV and NIV have 'lioness'. KJV has 'great lion'. Some versions just say 'lion' again.

Used elsewhere in the period

Job 4:11 places the lāvîʾ beside its 'cubs' (literally 'children of the lavi''), which some take as a hint that it is the mother. Other scholars think the word is just an older or poetic term for lion of either sex. Ancient translations differ (see textual notes).

Where it appears

Genesis · 1
  1. Genesis 49:9 וּכְלָבִ֖יא and like a lion

    Judah is a young lion—my son, you return from the prey. Like a lion he crouches and lies down; like a lioness, who dares to rouse him?

    Here: A second, more poetic lion word, used in parallel with aryeh. It may mean 'lioness' (the fierce hunter that defends her young) or simply a great lion. Either way it doubles the picture of strength.

Numbers · 2
  1. Numbers 23:24 כְּלָבִ֣יא like a lion

    Behold, the people rise like a lioness; they rouse themselves like a lion, not resting until they devour their prey and drink the blood of the slain.”

    Here: 'Like a lavi''. This is a poetic word for a lion, often taken as 'lioness'. It is paired here with the ordinary word ʾari, the usual way Hebrew poetry uses two words for one picture.

  2. Numbers 24:9 וּכְלָבִ֖יא and like a lion

    He crouches, he lies down like a lion, like a lioness—who dares to rouse him? Blessed are those who bless you and cursed are those who curse you.”

    Here: 'And like a lavi'.' This second, poetic word for lion fills out the parallel line. Translators argue over whether it means a lioness or simply a (great) lion; either way, the pair stresses how fearsome the animal is.

Deuteronomy · 1
  1. Deuteronomy 33:20 כְּלָבִ֣יא like a lion

    Concerning Gad he said: “Blessed is he who enlarges the domain of Gad! He lies down like a lion and tears off an arm or a head.

Job · 2
  1. Job 4:11 לָ֝בִ֗יא a lion

    The old lion perishes for lack of prey, and the cubs of the lioness are scattered.

  2. Job 38:39 לְלָבִ֣יא for a lion

    Can you hunt the prey for a lioness or satisfy the hunger of young lions

    Here: 'For a lion': the hunt would be done on the lion's behalf. Lavi' is one of several Hebrew words for lion. It is grammatically masculine, but some take it as 'lioness', which is why BSB and WEB say 'lioness'.

Psalms · 1
  1. Psalm 57:4 לְבָאִם֮ lions

    My soul is among the lions; I lie down with ravenous beasts—with men whose teeth are spears and arrows, whose tongues are sharp swords.

    Here: One of several Hebrew words for lion. It is often used of the lion as a fierce, full-grown predator (it is the word used of Judah in Gen 49:9). Here it is written in a short spelling. This is the stock picture in the Psalms for enemies who want to tear the poet apart.

Isaiah · 2
  1. Isaiah 5:29 כַּלָּבִ֑יא [is] like <the> lion

    Their roaring is like that of a lion; they roar like young lions. They growl and seize their prey; they carry it away, and no one can rescue it.

    Here: A full-grown lion. A poetic word for the big cat. Some translators (WEB, YLT) take it as 'lioness', but the form here is masculine and the usual sense is simply 'lion'.

  2. Isaiah 30:6 לָבִ֧יא lioness

    This is the burden against the beasts of the Negev: Through a land of hardship and distress, of lioness and lion, of viper and flying serpent, they carry their wealth on the backs of donkeys and their treasures on the humps of camels, to a people of no profit to them.

    Here: A poetic word for lion. Many lexicons take it as 'lioness' when it is paired with another lion word, as here. Lions still roamed the southern steppe and the Jordan thickets in Isaiah's day.

Ezekiel · 1
  1. Ezekiel 19:2 לְבִיָּ֔א a lioness

    and say: ‘What was your mother? A lioness among the lions! She lay down among the young lions; she reared her cubs.

Hosea · 1
  1. Hosea 13:8 כְּלָבִ֔יא like a lion

    Like a bear robbed of her cubs I will attack them, and I will tear open their chests. There I will devour them like a lion, like a wild beast tearing them apart.

    Here: 'Like a lion.' This is a poetic word for a full-grown lion. Some lexicons and versions (WEB, NASB) take it as 'lioness', partly because the lioness does the hunting. The grammatical form is masculine, so the point is not settled.

Joel · 1
  1. Joel 1:6 לָבִ֖יא a lioness

    For a nation has invaded My land, powerful and without number; its teeth are the teeth of a lion, and its fangs are the fangs of a lioness.

Nahum · 2
  1. Nahum 2:11 לָבִ֥יא lioness

    Where is the lions’ lair or the feeding ground of the young lions, where the lion and lioness prowled with their cubs, with nothing to frighten them away?

  2. Nahum 2:12 לְלִבְאֹתָ֑יו for lionesses its

    The lion mauled enough for its cubs and strangled prey for the lioness. It filled its dens with the kill, and its lairs with mauled prey.

    Here: 'For his lionesses', plural. The picture is a whole pride fed by one dominant lion. The plural matters: it pictures a household or court living off his kills, not a single mate.

Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.