Hebrew word · H7101
קָצִין
katzin
chief
A person with the power to decide and command. In early texts it is a military commander (Josh 10:24, the 'chiefs of the men of war'; Judg 11:6, 11, where Jephthah is asked to be qatsin, 'commander,' and is then made 'head and commander').
Appears 12 times in 12 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·
What it means
1) chief, ruler, commander
1a) chief, commander (in war)
1b) dictator
1c) ruler (of one in authority)
Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).
In depth
- Range of meaning
A person with the power to decide and command. In early texts it is a military commander (Josh 10:24, the 'chiefs of the men of war'; Judg 11:6, 11, where Jephthah is asked to be qatsin, 'commander,' and is then made 'head and commander'). Later it means a civil ruler or magistrate (Isa 3:6–7; Mic 3:1, 9; Prov 6:7; 25:15). Lexicons (BDB, HALOT) give 'commander, chief, ruler.' Some connect it with the root q-ts-h ('end, decide'), which would make it 'one who settles matters.' The Arabic qāḍī ('judge') is often cited as a related word, though that link is debated.
- Against the English
'Rulers' (BSB, KJV, WEB, ESV, NIV) is accurate. 'Leaders' (NLT) is softer and loses the sense of command and legal decision.
- Used elsewhere in the period
Isaiah uses the word again in 3:6–7, where no one wants to be qatsin over the ruined city. Micah 3:1, 9, from the same period, addresses 'heads of Jacob and qetsinim of the house of Israel' who 'abhor justice' and 'build Zion with blood.' That is almost the same charge Isaiah makes in 1:15–17, 23.
From the study of Joshua 10:24
- Range of meaning
Chief, ruler, commander: someone with decision-making authority, either military (here) or civil (Isa 1:10, "rulers of Sodom"; Isa 3:6–7; Mic 3:1, 9; Prov 6:7). In Judges 11:6, 11 Jephthah is made qatsin, war leader. A probable cognate is Arabic qāḍī, "judge, one who decides".
- Against the English
"Commanders" (BSB), "chiefs" (WEB, ESV, NASB) and "captains" (KJV) all fit. KJV's "captains" was a general word for military leaders in 1611, not the specific modern rank.
- Used elsewhere in the period
It occurs about a dozen times in the Hebrew Bible, mostly in poetry and prophecy. Joshua 10:24 is one of the few clearly military uses (HALOT, BDB).
From the study of Proverbs 25:15
- Range of meaning
Chief, commander or ruler, someone with decision-making authority. It is used of military commanders (Josh 10:24, 'the chiefs of the men of war'), of Jephthah as war-leader and head (Judg 11:6, 11), of the 'rulers of Sodom' (Isa 1:10), and of leaders a society needs (Isa 3:6–7; Mic 3:1, 9). Proverbs 6:7 notes that the ant has 'no qatsin'. Related to an Arabic root for 'deciding'.
- Against the English
BSB, WEB, YLT, NIV, ESV and NASB have 'ruler'. KJV and NLT have 'prince', which to modern ears suggests a king's son and gives the wrong picture. In older English 'prince' meant any ruler or chief.
- How it drifted
'Prince' in 1611 meant a ruler in general (as in Machiavelli's The Prince). The modern sense of 'royal heir' makes the KJV and NLT rendering misleading.
- Used elsewhere in the period
The word is mostly poetic or elevated. Chapter 25 opens a collection copied by 'the men of Hezekiah' (25:1), and its first sayings deal with kings and court conduct (25:2–7), so the qatsin here fits that world of officials and superiors.
Where it appears
Joshua · 1
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Joshua 10:24 קְצִינֵ֞י [the] commanders of
When they had brought the kings to Joshua, he summoned all the men of Israel and said to the army commanders who had accompanied him, “Come here and put your feet on the necks of these kings.” So the commanders came forward and put their feet on their necks.
Here: "Chiefs/commanders of". It is a fairly rare word for someone in charge, here the field officers. They are leaders, not ordinary soldiers, so the gesture is carried out by Israel's representatives.
Judges · 2
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Judges 11:6 לְקָצִ֑ין <into> a commander
“Come,” they said, “be our commander, so that we can fight against the Ammonites.”
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Judges 11:11 וּלְקָצִ֑ין and into commander
So Jephthah went with the elders of Gilead, and the people made him their leader and commander. And Jephthah repeated all his terms in the presence of the LORD at Mizpah.
Here: The title the elders first offered (v.6), apparently a war commander or a chief for the emergency. Jephthah ends up with both titles, the first offer and the improved one.
Proverbs · 2
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Proverbs 6:7 קָצִ֗ין [is] commander of
Without a commander, without an overseer or ruler,
Here: A person with the authority to decide and command: a war leader or a civic head. The first of three authority figures the ant lacks; it pictures the one who gives orders and settles matters.
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Proverbs 25:15 קָצִ֑ין a ruler
Through patience a ruler can be persuaded, and a gentle tongue can break a bone.
Here: A person in authority, especially a military or civic leader (Jephthah is made qatsin in Judges 11). It is not the usual word for king. Here it stands for any powerful superior you cannot force, someone whose anger is dangerous.
Isaiah · 4
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Isaiah 1:10 קְצִינֵ֣י O rulers of
Hear the word of the LORD, you rulers of Sodom; listen to the instruction of our God, you people of Gomorrah!
Here: 'Chiefs of': the men who hold command and the power to make decisions, including military leaders and judges. These are Jerusalem's ruling class, the people responsible for justice (see vv. 17, 23).
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Isaiah 3:6 קָצִ֖ין a ruler
A man will seize his brother within his father’s house: “You have a cloak—you be our leader! Take charge of this heap of rubble.”
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Isaiah 3:7 קְצִ֥ין a ruler of
On that day he will cry aloud: “I am not a healer. I have no food or clothing in my house. Do not make me leader of the people!”
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Isaiah 22:3 קְצִינַ֥יִךְ rulers your
All your rulers have fled together, captured without a bow. All your fugitives were captured together, having fled to a distant place.
Daniel · 1
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Daniel 11:18 קָצִ֤ין a commander
Then he will turn his face to the coastlands and capture many of them. But a commander will put an end to his reproach and will turn it back upon him.
Micah · 2
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Micah 3:1 וּקְצִינֵ֖י and O rulers of
Then I said: “Hear now, O leaders of Jacob, you rulers of the house of Israel. Should you not know justice?
Here: A qatsin is a man with authority to decide, a military commander or magistrate (Josh 10:24; Judg 11:6; Isa 1:10). The word is probably related to Arabic qāḍī, "judge". It stands in parallel with "heads", and together the two words name the ruling class.
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Micah 3:9 וּקְצִינֵ֖י and O rulers of
Now hear this, O leaders of the house of Jacob and rulers of the house of Israel, who despise justice and pervert all that is right,
Here: 'And commanders of', meaning people with authority to decide matters, whether military or judicial. It is paired with 'heads' to cover the whole ruling class.
Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.