Hebrew word · H713

אַרְגָּמָן

'argaman

purple

Red-purple dye and wool or cloth dyed with it. The dye came from murex sea snails and was produced mainly along the Phoenician coast (Tyre, Sidon). The word is shared across the region: Ugaritic argmn and Akkadian argamannu, where it can also carry the sense of 'tribute'.

Appears 38 times in 38 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·

What it means

purple, red-purple

Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).

In depth

From the study of Proverbs 31:22

Range of meaning

Red-purple dye and wool or cloth dyed with it. The dye came from murex sea snails and was produced mainly along the Phoenician coast (Tyre, Sidon). The word is shared across the region: Ugaritic argmn and Akkadian argamannu, where it can also carry the sense of 'tribute'.

Against the English

Every major English version says 'purple', which is accurate as a colour. Modern readers, though, may hear only a colour and miss that it names one of the most expensive textiles of the ancient world.

How it drifted

Synthetic dyes have made purple ordinary. In antiquity thousands of snails were needed for a small amount of dye, so purple cloth signalled great wealth or royalty.

Used elsewhere in the period

Kings of Midian wore purple (Judges 8:26). It was used in the Tabernacle and the high priest's garments (Exodus 25:4; 28:5–6). Tyre traded it (Ezekiel 27:7, 16). Later the rich man in Luke 16:19 is 'dressed in purple and fine linen', the same pair as here, which shows the combination was proverbial for wealth.

From the study of Exodus 26:1

Range of meaning

Argaman is red-purple wool dyed with murex (chiefly Bolinus brandaris), the 'Tyrian purple' famous in antiquity. Tola'at shani, literally 'worm of crimson', is wool dyed brilliant red with kermes, a dye made from the egg-filled bodies of a scale insect (Kermes vermilio) found on oak trees.

Against the English

English 'purple' and 'scarlet' name colours. The Hebrew names dyed materials, with an implied scale of value: purple was the most expensive dye in the ancient world. KJV's 'scarlet' and BSB's 'scarlet yarn' are accurate, but neither keeps the vivid 'worm' image that the Hebrew carries.

Used elsewhere in the period

Ugaritic argmn and Akkadian argamannu appear in tribute lists, where purple wool is paid to overlords. In 2021 researchers identified royal-purple-dyed wool from c. 1000 BCE at Timna, in Israel's southern Arabah. The Latin Vulgate renders shani as coccus bis tinctus, 'twice-dyed scarlet', which links shani with shanah, 'to repeat'. That is an ancient interpretation, not a certain etymology.

From the study of Exodus 39:1

Range of meaning

Wool dyed red-purple with sea-snail dye, along with the dye and its colour. It carries strong associations of royalty and high rank.

Against the English

All major versions say 'purple', which is fair. The English word just hides the fact that this is a named, expensive commodity and that it leans toward red, not lavender or violet.

Used elsewhere in the period

Found at Ugarit (argmn) and in Akkadian (argamannu), and related terms are connected with tribute in the ancient Near East, though the word's origin is uncertain. It is worn by Midianite kings in Judges 8:26, and its Aramaic form appears as a royal reward in Daniel 5:7. The Septuagint uses porphyra.

Where it appears

Exodus · 26
  1. Exodus 25:4 וְאַרְגָּמָ֛ן and purple

    blue, purple, and scarlet yarn; fine linen and goat hair;

  2. Exodus 26:1 וְאַרְגָּמָן֙ and purple

    “You are to construct the tabernacle itself with ten curtains of finely spun linen, each with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and cherubim skillfully worked into them.

    Here: 'And purple': yarn dyed red-purple with another murex dye, the famous 'royal purple' of Phoenicia. In the ancient world it was a marker of kings and gods.

  3. Exodus 26:31 וְאַרְגָּמָ֛ן and purple

    Make a veil of blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and finely spun linen, with cherubim skillfully worked into it.

    Here: Yarn dyed the deep red-purple worn by kings (Judges 8:26), also from sea-snail dye. Again the dyed wool itself is meant.

  4. Exodus 26:36 וְאַרְגָּמָ֛ן and purple

    For the entrance to the tent, you are to make a curtain embroidered with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and finely spun linen.

  5. Exodus 27:16 וְאַרְגָּמָ֜ן and purple

    The gate of the courtyard shall be twenty cubits long, with a curtain embroidered with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and finely spun linen. It shall have four posts and four bases.

  6. Exodus 28:5 הָֽאַרְגָּמָ֑ן the purple

    They shall use gold, along with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and fine linen.

  7. Exodus 28:6 וְאַרְגָּמָ֜ן and purple

    They are to make the ephod of finely spun linen embroidered with gold, and with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn.

  8. Exodus 28:8 וְאַרְגָּמָ֛ן and purple

    And the skillfully woven waistband of the ephod must be of one piece, of the same workmanship—with gold, with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and with finely spun linen.

  9. Exodus 28:15 וְאַרְגָּמָ֜ן and purple

    You are also to make a breastpiece of judgment with the same workmanship as the ephod. Construct it with gold, with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and with finely spun linen.

  10. Exodus 28:33 וְאַרְגָּמָן֙ and purple

    Make pomegranates of blue, purple, and scarlet yarn all the way around the lower hem, with gold bells between them,

  11. Exodus 35:6 וְאַרְגָּמָ֛ן and purple

    blue, purple, and scarlet yarn; fine linen and goat hair;

  12. Exodus 35:23 וְאַרְגָּמָ֛ן and purple

    Everyone who had blue, purple, or scarlet yarn, or fine linen, goat hair, ram skins dyed red, or articles of fine leather, brought them.

  13. Exodus 35:25 הָֽאַרְגָּמָ֔ן the purple

    Every skilled woman spun with her hands and brought what she had spun: blue, purple, or scarlet yarn, or fine linen.

  14. Exodus 35:35 וּבָֽאַרְגָּמָ֗ן and in the purple

    He has filled them with skill to do all kinds of work as engravers, designers, embroiderers in blue, purple, and scarlet yarn and fine linen, and as weavers—as artistic designers of every kind of craft.

    Here: Red-purple wool, also dyed with sea snails. Across the ancient Near East it was the color of royalty.

  15. Exodus 36:8 וְאַרְגָּמָן֙ and purple

    All the skilled craftsmen among the workmen made the ten curtains for the tabernacle. They were made of finely spun linen, as well as blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, with cherubim skillfully worked into them.

  16. Exodus 36:35 וְאַרְגָּמָ֛ן and purple

    Next, he made the veil of blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and finely spun linen, with cherubim skillfully worked into it.

  17. Exodus 36:37 וְאַרְגָּמָ֛ן and purple

    For the entrance to the tent, he made a curtain embroidered with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and finely spun linen,

  18. Exodus 38:18 וְאַרְגָּמָ֛ן and purple

    The curtain for the entrance to the courtyard was embroidered with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and finely spun linen. It was twenty cubits long and, like the curtains of the courtyard, five cubits high,

  19. Exodus 38:23 וּבָֽאַרְגָּמָ֔ן and in the purple

    With him was Oholiab son of Ahisamach, of the tribe of Dan, an engraver, designer, and embroiderer in blue, purple, and scarlet yarn and fine linen.

  20. Exodus 39:1 וְהָֽאַרְגָּמָן֙ and the purple

    From the blue, purple, and scarlet yarn they made specially woven garments for ministry in the sanctuary, as well as the holy garments for Aaron, just as the LORD had commanded Moses.

    Here: The second luxury material, a red-purple sea-snail dye associated across the ancient Near East with kings and tribute. Again a substance the craftsmen draw from.

  21. Exodus 39:2 וְאַרְגָּמָ֛ן and purple

    Bezalel made the ephod of finely spun linen embroidered with gold, and with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn.

    Here: Yarn dyed reddish-purple, also from murex sea snails. This was the famous 'royal purple' associated with Phoenician trade and with kings.

  22. Exodus 39:3 הָֽאַרְגָּמָ֔ן the purple

    They hammered out thin sheets of gold and cut threads from them to interweave with the blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and fine linen—the work of a skilled craftsman.

  23. Exodus 39:5 וְאַרְגָּמָ֛ן and purple

    And the skillfully woven waistband of the ephod was of one piece with the ephod, of the same workmanship—with gold, with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and with finely spun linen, just as the LORD had commanded Moses.

    Here: Wool dyed red-purple, also from sea-snail dye. This is the famous 'royal purple' of the ancient world.

  24. Exodus 39:8 וְאַרְגָּמָ֛ן and purple

    He made the breastpiece with the same workmanship as the ephod, with gold, with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and with finely spun linen.

  25. Exodus 39:24 וְאַרְגָּמָ֖ן and purple

    They made pomegranates of blue, purple, and scarlet yarn and finely spun linen on the lower hem of the robe.

  26. Exodus 39:29 וְאַרְגָּמָ֛ן and purple

    and the sash of finely spun linen, embroidered with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, just as the LORD had commanded Moses.

Numbers · 1
  1. Numbers 4:13 אַרְגָּמָֽן׃ purple cloth

    Then they shall remove the ashes from the bronze altar, spread a purple cloth over it,

Judges · 1
  1. Judges 8:26 הָאַרְגָּמָ֗ן <the> purple

    The weight of the gold earrings he had requested was 1,700 shekels, in addition to the crescent ornaments, the pendants, the purple garments of the kings of Midian, and the chains from the necks of their camels.

2 Chronicles · 2
  1. 2 Chronicles 2:14 בָּאַרְגָּמָ֤ן in <the> purple

    He is the son of a woman from the daughters of Dan, and his father is a man of Tyre. He is skilled in work with gold and silver, bronze and iron, stone and wood, purple, blue, and crimson yarn, and fine linen. He is experienced in every kind of engraving and can execute any design that is given him. He will work with your craftsmen and with those of my lord, your father David.

  2. 2 Chronicles 3:14 וְאַרְגָּמָ֖ן and purple

    He made the veil of blue, purple, and crimson yarn and fine linen, with cherubim woven into it.

Esther · 2
  1. Esther 1:6 וְאַרְגָּמָ֔ן and purple

    Hangings of white and blue linen were fastened with cords of fine white and purple material to silver rings on the marble pillars. Gold and silver couches were arranged on a mosaic pavement of porphyry, marble, mother-of-pearl, and other costly stones.

  2. Esther 8:15 וְאַרְגָּמָ֑ן and purple

    Mordecai went out from the presence of the king in royal garments of blue and white, with a large gold crown and a purple robe of fine linen. And the city of Susa shouted and rejoiced.

    Here: The deep red-purple dye from Phoenician sea snails, the costliest dye of the ancient world. It marked kings and the very highest officials across the Near East (compare Daniel 5:29).

Proverbs · 1
  1. Proverbs 31:22 וְאַרְגָּמָ֣ן and purple

    She makes coverings for her bed; her clothing is fine linen and purple.

    Here: Wool dyed red-purple with dye from murex sea snails, a famously expensive trade good from the Phoenician coast. It is the cloth of kings and of the sanctuary. It names a costly fabric, not just a colour.

Song of Songs · 2
  1. Song of Songs 3:10 אַרְגָּמָ֑ן purple wool

    He has made its posts of silver, its base of gold, its seat of purple fabric. Its interior is inlaid with love by the daughters of Jerusalem.

  2. Song of Songs 7:5 כָּאַרְגָּמָ֑ן [is] like <the> purple wool

    Your head crowns you like Mount Carmel, the hair of your head like purple threads; the king is captured in your tresses.

Jeremiah · 1
  1. Jeremiah 10:9 וְאַרְגָּמָן֙ and purple

    Hammered silver is brought from Tarshish, and gold from Uphaz—the work of a craftsman from the hands of a goldsmith. Their clothes are blue and purple, all fashioned by skilled workers.

Ezekiel · 2
  1. Ezekiel 27:7 וְאַרְגָּמָ֛ן and purple

    Of embroidered fine linen from Egypt they made your sail, which served as your banner. Of blue and purple from the coasts of Elishah they made your awning.

  2. Ezekiel 27:16 אַרְגָּמָ֨ן purple

    Aram was your customer because of your many products; they exchanged turquoise, purple, embroidered work, fine linen, coral, and rubies for your wares.

Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.