Hebrew word · H8003

שָׁלֵם

shalem

complete

lēb (H3820): heart, meaning the inner person, the seat of thought, planning, will and moral choice, as well as feeling. šālēm (H8003): whole, complete, intact, sound; paid in full; at peace with. It is related to šālôm. Together, a heart that is whole or undivided toward someone, wholly loyal.

Appears 28 times in 27 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·

What it means

1) complete, safe, peaceful, perfect, whole, full, at peace

1a) complete

1a1) full, perfect

1a2) finished

1b) safe, unharmed

1c) peace (of covenant of peace, mind)

1c1) perfect, complete (of keeping covenant relation)

Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).

In depth

From the study of Isaiah 38:3

Range of meaning

lēb (H3820): heart, meaning the inner person, the seat of thought, planning, will and moral choice, as well as feeling. šālēm (H8003): whole, complete, intact, sound; paid in full; at peace with. It is related to šālôm. Together, a heart that is whole or undivided toward someone, wholly loyal.

Against the English

KJV and WEB 'a perfect heart' now sounds like a claim to be sinless. ESV/NASB 'a whole heart' and NIV/BSB 'wholehearted devotion' keep the sense of completeness and loyalty.

How it drifted

KJV 'perfect' follows the Latin Vulgate's corde perfecto. Latin perfectus meant 'carried through, complete'. Over centuries, and through debates about 'Christian perfection', English 'perfect' came to mean 'flawless'.

Used elsewhere in the period

In Kings the phrase measures exclusive loyalty to YHWH. Solomon's heart was 'not šālēm with YHWH' because he followed other gods (1 Kgs 11:4). Abijam's heart was 'not šālēm' (1 Kgs 15:3). Asa's heart was šālēm even though he left the high places (1 Kgs 15:14). See also 1 Kgs 8:61; 1 Chr 29:9, 19; 2 Chr 16:9. The Assyrian grant parallels use libbašu gummuru, 'whose heart is wholly devoted'.

From the study of 1 Chronicles 28:9

Range of meaning

Shalem means whole, intact, complete, at peace, unbroken. 'Full weight' stones are shalem (Deut 25:15), and so are uncut stones for an altar (Deut 27:6). A 'whole heart' is loyalty that is undivided, not split among several lords.

Against the English

KJV and WEB 'perfect heart' sounds to modern ears like sinless or flawless. BSB 'wholeheartedly' and 'whole heart' (ESV/NASB) are closer.

How it drifted

In 1611 'perfect' still carried its Latin sense of 'complete, finished' (perfectus), following the Vulgate's corde perfecto. The word has since narrowed to mean 'without any fault'.

Used elsewhere in the period

The phrase is characteristic of Kings and Chronicles: 1 Kgs 8:61; 11:4 (Solomon's heart 'was not shalem with YHWH his God as David his father's'); 15:14; 2 Kgs 20:3; 1 Chr 12:38; 29:9, 19; 2 Chr 16:9; 25:2. In ancient treaties a vassal had to serve 'with a whole heart', meaning without secret disloyalty.

From the study of 1 Kings 11:4

Range of meaning

Whole, complete, intact, sound, unbroken; of stones, 'uncut, whole' (Deut 27:6); of weights, 'full, honest' (Deut 25:15); of payment, 'in full'; of people and hearts, 'wholly loyal, undivided, at peace with'. It comes from the root ŠLM, which also gives shalom (peace, well-being) and shillem (to repay, make good).

Against the English

KJV, WEB and YLT say 'perfect', which to a modern reader means flawless or sinless. BSB 'wholeheartedly devoted', NIV 'fully devoted' and ESV 'wholly true' get the sense of undivided loyalty right.

How it drifted

The Latin Vulgate rendered it perfectum, which in Latin meant 'complete, finished'. KJV carried this over as 'perfect'. Since then the English word has narrowed toward 'without any fault', so a modern reader hears a claim about moral flawlessness that the Hebrew never made.

Used elsewhere in the period

The phrase 'a whole heart' (levav shalem) is a set expression in Kings and Chronicles. Solomon himself prays that Israel's heart may be shalem with the LORD (1 Kgs 8:61). Abijam's heart was not shalem 'like the heart of David his father' (1 Kgs 15:3), while Asa's was (15:14). Hezekiah walked 'with a whole heart' (2 Kgs 20:3). David charges Solomon to serve God 'with a whole heart' (1 Chr 28:9) and prays it for him (1 Chr 29:19). The Septuagint usually translates it with teleios, 'complete, full-grown'. Related ŠLM words appear across Semitic languages in treaty and peace contexts, where they mean being in a settled, loyal relationship with a partner.

Similar words

Where it appears

Genesis · 3
  1. Genesis 15:16 שָׁלֵ֛ם [is] complete

    In the fourth generation your descendants will return here, for the iniquity of the Amorites is not yet complete.”

    Here: The picture is a measure that is not yet full. The word comes from the same root as 'in peace' (beshalom) in v.15: Abraham will die whole and at peace, while the Amorites' guilt is not yet 'whole'.

  2. Genesis 33:18 שָׁלֵ֜ם safe

    After Jacob had come from Paddan-aram, he arrived safely at the city of Shechem in the land of Canaan, and he camped just outside the city.

  3. Genesis 34:21 שְֽׁלֵמִ֧ים [are] at peace

    “These men are at peace with us. Let them live and trade in our land; indeed, it is large enough for them. Let us take their daughters in marriage and give our daughters to them.

Deuteronomy · 3
  1. Deuteronomy 25:15 שְׁלֵמָ֤ה שְׁלֵמָ֛ה full

    You must maintain accurate and honest weights and measures, so that you may live long in the land that the LORD your God is giving you.

  2. Deuteronomy 27:6 שְׁלֵמוֹת֙ complete

    You shall build the altar of the LORD your God with uncut stones and offer upon it burnt offerings to the LORD your God.

Joshua · 1
  1. Joshua 8:31 שְׁלֵמ֔וֹת complete

    just as Moses the servant of the LORD had commanded the Israelites. He built it according to what is written in the Book of the Law of Moses: “an altar of uncut stones on which no iron tool has been used.” And on it they offered burnt offerings to the LORD, and they sacrificed peace offerings.

Ruth · 1
  1. Ruth 2:12 שְׁלֵמָ֗ה complete

    May the LORD repay your work, and may you receive a rich reward from the LORD, the God of Israel, under whose wings you have taken refuge.”

    Here: 'Complete', 'paid in full', with nothing held back. It shares its root with the opening verb, so the blessing sounds like this: may the LORD make good, and may your wages be made good.

1 Kings · 5
  1. 1 Kings 6:7 שְׁלֵמָ֥ה perfect

    The temple was constructed using finished stones cut at the quarry, so that no hammer or chisel or any other iron tool was heard in the temple while it was being built.

  2. 1 Kings 8:61 שָׁלֵ֔ם complete

    So let your heart be fully devoted to the LORD our God, as it is this day, to walk in His statutes and to keep His commandments.”

    Here: Whole and undivided, nothing held back and no part given to another god. Joined with "with", it also means being fully at peace and in good standing with someone. It is the key word of the verse.

  3. 1 Kings 11:4 שָׁלֵם֙ complete

    For when Solomon grew old, his wives turned his heart after other gods, and he was not wholeheartedly devoted to the LORD his God, as his father David had been.

    Here: Whole, intact, with nothing split off. Here it means loyalty given entirely to the LORD, not shared with other gods. It does not mean morally flawless.

  4. 1 Kings 15:3 שָׁלֵם֙ complete

    And Abijam walked in all the sins that his father before him had committed, and his heart was not as fully devoted to the LORD his God as the heart of David his forefather had been.

    Here: Whole and undivided, fully committed, at peace with. Paired with 'with Yahweh', it means loyalty given to Yahweh alone and not split with other gods. It does not mean sinless.

  5. 1 Kings 15:14 שָׁלֵ֛ם complete

    The high places were not removed, but Asa’s heart was fully devoted to the LORD all his days.

2 Kings · 1
  1. 2 Kings 20:3 שָׁלֵ֔ם complete

    “Please, O LORD, remember how I have walked before You faithfully and with wholehearted devotion; I have done what is good in Your sight.” And Hezekiah wept bitterly.

    Here: A heart that is 'whole' toward God is undivided in loyalty, not split between the LORD and other gods. It echoes the measure the book of Kings uses to judge kings (e.g. Solomon's heart was 'not whole', 1 Kings 11:4).

1 Chronicles · 4
  1. 1 Chronicles 12:38 שָׁלֵם֙ complete

    All these men of war, arrayed for battle, came to Hebron fully determined to make David king over all Israel. And all the rest of the Israelites were of one mind to make David king.

  2. 1 Chronicles 28:9 שָׁלֵם֙ complete

    As for you, Solomon my son, know the God of your father and serve Him wholeheartedly and with a willing mind, for the LORD searches every heart and understands the intent of every thought. If you seek Him, He will be found by you; but if you forsake Him, He will reject you forever.

    Here: Undivided and entire, given wholly to one lord. It means unreserved loyalty, not moral flawlessness.

  3. 1 Chronicles 29:9 שָׁלֵ֔ם complete

    And the people rejoiced at the willing response of their leaders, for they had given to the LORD freely and wholeheartedly. And King David also rejoiced greatly.

    Here: From the same root as shalom. A 'whole heart' is one not split between loyalties and not holding anything back: wholehearted, sincere allegiance. It does not mean morally flawless.

  4. 1 Chronicles 29:19 שָׁלֵ֔ם complete

    And give my son Solomon a whole heart to keep and carry out all Your commandments, decrees, and statutes, and to build Your palace for which I have made provision.”

    Here: Undivided, fully loyal, with no part of the heart kept back for anyone else. It describes loyalty, not freedom from all fault.

2 Chronicles · 5
  1. 2 Chronicles 8:16 שָׁלֵ֖ם [was] complete

    Thus all the work of Solomon was carried out, from the day the foundation was laid for the house of the LORD until it was finished. So the house of the LORD was completed.

  2. 2 Chronicles 15:17 שָׁלֵ֖ם complete

    The high places were not removed from Israel, but Asa’s heart was fully devoted all his days.

  3. 2 Chronicles 16:9 שָׁלֵ֛ם [is] complete

    For the eyes of the LORD roam to and fro over all the earth, to show Himself strong on behalf of those whose hearts are fully devoted to Him. You have acted foolishly in this matter. From now on, therefore, you will be at war.”

    Here: 'Whole, undivided': the heart is not split between Yahweh and another source of security. This is about the integrity of loyalty, not sinless perfection.

  4. 2 Chronicles 19:9 שָׁלֵֽם׃ complete

    He commanded them, saying, “You must serve faithfully and wholeheartedly in the fear of the LORD.

  5. 2 Chronicles 25:2 שָׁלֵֽם׃ complete

    And he did what was right in the eyes of the LORD, but not wholeheartedly.

    Here: "Whole, undivided". It comes from the same root as shalom. A heart that is shalem toward Yahweh is fully and only loyal to him, with nothing held back and no second loyalty. It does not mean morally flawless.

Proverbs · 1
  1. Proverbs 11:1 שְׁלֵמָ֣ה perfect

    Dishonest scales are an abomination to the LORD, but an accurate weight is His delight.

    Here: A 'whole' stone is a full-weight stone: not shaved down, not swapped for a lighter or heavier one, true to the standard. It comes from the same root as shalom (wholeness, everything as it should be).

Isaiah · 1
  1. Isaiah 38:3 שָׁלֵ֔ם complete

    saying, “Please, O LORD, remember how I have walked before You faithfully and with wholehearted devotion; I have done what is good in Your sight.” And Hezekiah wept bitterly.

    Here: A heart that is 'whole' toward YHWH has no divided loyalty to other gods. It is wholly given. The claim is about undivided allegiance, not about being free of all fault.

Amos · 2
  1. Amos 1:6 שְׁלֵמָ֖ה complete

    This is what the LORD says: “For three transgressions of Gaza, even four, I will not revoke My judgment, because they exiled a whole population, delivering them up to Edom.

    Here: 'Complete'. Whole communities were taken with no one left behind. This was not a battlefield capture of soldiers but the emptying of villages.

  2. Amos 1:9 שְׁלֵמָה֙ complete

    This is what the LORD says: “For three transgressions of Tyre, even four, I will not revoke My judgment, because they delivered up a whole congregation of exiles to Edom and broke a covenant of brotherhood.

    Here: 'Complete'. A whole population was taken, with no one left behind. The same phrase is used of Gaza's crime in 1:6.

Nahum · 1
  1. Nahum 1:12 שְׁלֵמִים֙ complete

    This is what the LORD says: “Though they are allied and numerous, yet they will be cut down and pass away. Though I have afflicted you, O Judah, I will afflict you no longer.

Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.