Hebrew word · H8336

שֵׁשׁ

shesh

linen

Shesh is an Egyptian loanword (Egyptian šs) for fine linen. Moshzar means 'twisted, twined': thread made by twisting several strands together. Jewish tradition (Rashi) says each thread had six strands.

Appears 41 times in 37 verses of the Hebrew Old Testament. ·

What it means

something bleached white, byssus, linen, fine linen

Abridged from Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).

In depth

From the study of Exodus 26:31

Range of meaning

Shesh is an Egyptian loanword (Egyptian šs) for fine linen. Moshzar means 'twisted, twined': thread made by twisting several strands together. Jewish tradition (Rashi) says each thread had six strands.

Against the English

KJV/WEB 'fine twined linen' is accurate. BSB 'finely spun linen' and NIV 'finely twisted linen' also work. Nothing is badly lost, though 'twined' is archaic.

Used elsewhere in the period

Joseph is dressed in shesh in Egypt (Genesis 41:42). In later Hebrew the word buts largely replaces it (Chronicles, Ezekiel 27:16). Egyptian linen was renowned throughout the ancient Near East.

From the study of Exodus 27:9

Range of meaning

Shesh is fine linen, borrowed from Egyptian šs, which was used for high-quality linen. It is the cloth of royalty and priests (Gen 41:42, Joseph's robes; Exod 28:39). Moshzar means "twisted": yarn of several strands plied together, which gives a strong, even weave.

Against the English

"Fine twined linen" (KJV, WEB) and "finely twisted linen" (NIV) keep the technical detail. BSB's "finely spun" and NLT's "finely woven" lose the specific mention of plied yarn, and spinning or weaving is not what the word moshzar points to.

Used elsewhere in the period

Egypt was the most famous linen producer of the ancient world. Some Egyptian temple and burial linens are extremely fine. Within the tabernacle's own instructions, shesh moshzar is the base fabric of the tent curtains, the veil and the priestly garments (Exod 26:1, 31; 28:6). Josephus (Antiquities 3.6.2) describes the court hangings as linen.

From the study of Proverbs 31:22

Range of meaning

Fine, high-quality linen, often white or bleached, and the thread or cloth made from it. It is a loanword from Egyptian šs, 'fine linen'.

Against the English

KJV and YLT say 'silk'. BSB, WEB, NIV, ESV and NASB say 'fine linen'.

How it drifted

In the KJV era shesh was sometimes taken as silk, partly by confusion with other textile words (compare meshi in Ezekiel 16:10, 13, which may mean silk). Silk was a rare import from China, and there is no good evidence for it in Iron Age Israel as everyday clothing for a well-off household. Modern lexicons agree that shesh is linen.

Used elsewhere in the period

Used for the Tabernacle curtains and priestly garments (Exodus 26:1; 28:39). Joseph is dressed in it as an Egyptian official (Genesis 41:42). Ezekiel 27:7 names 'fine embroidered linen from Egypt' among Tyre's luxury imports. The Septuagint usually translates it byssos, 'fine linen', and does so here.

Where it appears

Genesis · 1
  1. Genesis 41:42 שֵׁ֔שׁ fine linen

    Then Pharaoh removed the signet ring from his finger, put it on Joseph’s finger, clothed him in garments of fine linen, and placed a gold chain around his neck.

    Here: A word borrowed from Egyptian for the very fine, bleached linen Egypt was famous for. It was worn by royalty, high officials and priests. Joseph is dressed as an Egyptian grandee.

Exodus · 33
  1. Exodus 25:4 וְשֵׁ֥שׁ and fine linen

    blue, purple, and scarlet yarn; fine linen and goat hair;

  2. Exodus 26:1 שֵׁ֣שׁ fine linen

    “You are to construct the tabernacle itself with ten curtains of finely spun linen, each with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and cherubim skillfully worked into them.

    Here: High-grade linen. The word was borrowed from Egyptian (šś), and Egypt was famous for fine linen. It is the base fabric, which was white or undyed.

  3. Exodus 26:31 וְשֵׁ֣שׁ and fine linen

    Make a veil of blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and finely spun linen, with cherubim skillfully worked into it.

    Here: A word borrowed from Egyptian for high-quality linen, the prestige fabric of Egypt. It forms the base fabric alongside the dyed wools.

  4. Exodus 26:36 וְשֵׁ֣שׁ and fine linen

    For the entrance to the tent, you are to make a curtain embroidered with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and finely spun linen.

  5. Exodus 27:9 שֵׁ֣שׁ fine linen

    You are also to make a courtyard for the tabernacle. On the south side of the courtyard make curtains of finely spun linen, a hundred cubits long on one side,

    Here: High-quality linen, a word borrowed from Egyptian. It suggests whiteness, high value and the clothing of priests.

  6. Exodus 27:16 וְשֵׁ֥שׁ and fine linen

    The gate of the courtyard shall be twenty cubits long, with a curtain embroidered with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and finely spun linen. It shall have four posts and four bases.

  7. Exodus 27:18 שֵׁ֣שׁ fine linen

    The entire courtyard shall be a hundred cubits long and fifty cubits wide, with curtains of finely spun linen five cubits high, and with bronze bases.

    Here: High-quality linen, a word borrowed from Egyptian. The courtyard wall is made of white linen hangings rather than stone. Hebrew simply names the material ('linen, twisted') where English adds 'of' or 'curtains of'.

  8. Exodus 28:5 הַשֵּֽׁשׁ׃ פ the fine linen

    They shall use gold, along with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and fine linen.

  9. Exodus 28:6 וְשֵׁ֥שׁ and fine linen

    They are to make the ephod of finely spun linen embroidered with gold, and with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn.

  10. Exodus 28:8 וְשֵׁ֥שׁ and fine linen

    And the skillfully woven waistband of the ephod must be of one piece, of the same workmanship—with gold, with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and with finely spun linen.

  11. Exodus 28:15 וְשֵׁ֥שׁ and fine linen

    You are also to make a breastpiece of judgment with the same workmanship as the ephod. Construct it with gold, with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and with finely spun linen.

  12. Exodus 28:39 שֵׁ֔שׁ שֵׁ֑שׁ fine linen

    You are to weave the tunic with fine linen, make the turban of fine linen, and fashion an embroidered sash.

  13. Exodus 35:6 וְשֵׁ֥שׁ and fine linen

    blue, purple, and scarlet yarn; fine linen and goat hair;

  14. Exodus 35:23 וְשֵׁ֣שׁ and fine linen

    Everyone who had blue, purple, or scarlet yarn, or fine linen, goat hair, ram skins dyed red, or articles of fine leather, brought them.

  15. Exodus 35:25 הַשֵּֽׁשׁ׃ the fine linen

    Every skilled woman spun with her hands and brought what she had spun: blue, purple, or scarlet yarn, or fine linen.

  16. Exodus 35:35 וּבַשֵּׁ֖שׁ and in the fine linen

    He has filled them with skill to do all kinds of work as engravers, designers, embroiderers in blue, purple, and scarlet yarn and fine linen, and as weavers—as artistic designers of every kind of craft.

    Here: Fine-twisted linen, a word borrowed from Egyptian. Undyed and white, it formed the base fabric that the colored wools were worked into.

  17. Exodus 36:8 שֵׁ֣שׁ fine linen

    All the skilled craftsmen among the workmen made the ten curtains for the tabernacle. They were made of finely spun linen, as well as blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, with cherubim skillfully worked into them.

  18. Exodus 36:35 וְשֵׁ֣שׁ and fine linen

    Next, he made the veil of blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and finely spun linen, with cherubim skillfully worked into it.

  19. Exodus 36:37 וְשֵׁ֣שׁ and fine linen

    For the entrance to the tent, he made a curtain embroidered with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and finely spun linen,

  20. Exodus 38:9 שֵׁ֣שׁ [were] fine linen

    Then he constructed the courtyard. The south side of the courtyard was a hundred cubits long and had curtains of finely spun linen,

  21. Exodus 38:16 שֵׁ֥שׁ [were] fine linen

    All the curtains around the courtyard were made of finely spun linen.

  22. Exodus 38:18 וְשֵׁ֣שׁ and fine linen

    The curtain for the entrance to the courtyard was embroidered with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and finely spun linen. It was twenty cubits long and, like the curtains of the courtyard, five cubits high,

  23. Exodus 38:23 וּבַשֵּֽׁשׁ׃ ס and in the fine linen

    With him was Oholiab son of Ahisamach, of the tribe of Dan, an engraver, designer, and embroiderer in blue, purple, and scarlet yarn and fine linen.

  24. Exodus 39:2 וְשֵׁ֥שׁ and fine linen

    Bezalel made the ephod of finely spun linen embroidered with gold, and with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn.

    Here: High-quality linen. The word was borrowed from Egyptian, and Egypt was famous for very fine linen. Undyed and white, it was the base fabric of priestly clothing.

  25. Exodus 39:3 הַשֵּׁ֑שׁ the fine linen

    They hammered out thin sheets of gold and cut threads from them to interweave with the blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and fine linen—the work of a skilled craftsman.

  26. Exodus 39:5 וְשֵׁ֣שׁ and fine linen

    And the skillfully woven waistband of the ephod was of one piece with the ephod, of the same workmanship—with gold, with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and with finely spun linen, just as the LORD had commanded Moses.

    Here: High-grade white linen. The word is borrowed from Egyptian, and Egypt was famous for its fine linen.

  27. Exodus 39:8 וְשֵׁ֥שׁ and fine linen

    He made the breastpiece with the same workmanship as the ephod, with gold, with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and with finely spun linen.

  28. Exodus 39:27 שֵׁ֖שׁ fine linen

    For Aaron and his sons they made tunics of fine linen, the work of a weaver,

  29. Exodus 39:28 שֵׁ֔שׁ שֵׁ֑שׁ שֵׁ֥שׁ fine linen

    as well as the turban of fine linen, the ornate headbands and undergarments of finely spun linen,

  30. Exodus 39:29 שֵׁ֣שׁ fine linen

    and the sash of finely spun linen, embroidered with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, just as the LORD had commanded Moses.

Esther · 2
  1. Esther 1:6 שֵׁ֑שׁ וָשֵׁ֖שׁ marble, and marble

    Hangings of white and blue linen were fastened with cords of fine white and purple material to silver rings on the marble pillars. Gold and silver couches were arranged on a mosaic pavement of porphyry, marble, mother-of-pearl, and other costly stones.

Proverbs · 1
  1. Proverbs 31:22 שֵׁ֖שׁ [is] fine linen

    She makes coverings for her bed; her clothing is fine linen and purple.

    Here: Fine, bleached linen, a word borrowed from Egyptian and associated with Egyptian luxury weaving. It was used for the Tabernacle hangings, priestly garments and the dress of nobles. It is linen, not silk.

Song of Songs · 1
  1. Song of Songs 5:15 שֵׁ֔שׁ marble

    His legs are pillars of marble set on bases of pure gold. His appearance is like Lebanon, as majestic as the cedars.

Ezekiel · 3
  1. Ezekiel 16:10 בַּשֵּׁ֔שׁ with <the> fine linen

    I clothed you in embroidered cloth and gave you sandals of fine leather. I wrapped you in fine linen and covered you with silk.

    Here: "With fine linen": high-grade, often bleached-white linen, a word borrowed from Egyptian. It is the cloth of the tabernacle curtains, the priests' garments and Joseph's robe of office.

  2. Ezekiel 16:13 שֵׁ֤שׁ [was] fine linen

    So you were adorned with gold and silver, and your clothing was made of fine linen, silk, and embroidered cloth. You ate fine flour, honey, and oil. You became very beautiful and rose to be queen.

    Here: Finely woven linen, a word borrowed from Egyptian. It was the fabric of the tabernacle curtains, the priests' clothes and Joseph's robe of office (Gen 41:42).

  3. Ezekiel 27:7 שֵׁשׁ־ fine linen

    Of embroidered fine linen from Egypt they made your sail, which served as your banner. Of blue and purple from the coasts of Elishah they made your awning.

Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.