Greek word · G1893

ἐπεί

epei

since

A causal or temporal connector: 'since,' 'because,' 'when.' With an unstated condition it can mean 'for otherwise,' a shortened way of saying 'since, if it were not so...' (BDAG s.v. ἐπεί).

Appears 26 times in 26 verses of the Greek New Testament. ·

What it means

ἐπεί

conj. (ἐπί, εἰ),

when, since;

1. of time, when, after: Luke 7:1 (Rec., WH, mg.).

2. Of cause, since, because: Matthew 18:32 21:46 27:6, Mark 15:42, Luke 1:34, John 13:29 19:31, Acts 13:46 (Rec., WH, mg.), 1 Corinthians 14:12, 2 Corinthians 11:18 13:3, Hebrews 5:2, 11 6:13 9:17 11:11; ἐ. οὖν, Hebrews 2:14 4:6. With ellipsis, otherwise, else: Romans 11:6, 22, Hebrews 9:26; ἐ. ἄρα, 1 Corinthians 5:10 7:14; introducing a question, Romans 3:6, 1 Corinthians 14:16 15:29, Hebrews 10:2 (cf. 4Ma.1:33 4Mac 2:7 4Mac 2:10 4Mac 4:24-26).†

(AS)

From G. Abbott-Smith, A Manual Greek Lexicon of the New Testament (1922), via STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0).

In depth

From the study of Romans 3:6

Range of meaning

A causal or temporal connector: 'since,' 'because,' 'when.' With an unstated condition it can mean 'for otherwise,' a shortened way of saying 'since, if it were not so...' (BDAG s.v. ἐπεί).

Against the English

BSB 'In that case,' NIV 'If that were so' and NASB 'For otherwise' spell out the implied condition clearly. KJV and WEB 'For then' are compact but workable. YLT 'since' is the most literal and may leave a modern reader unsure of the logic.

Used elsewhere in the period

Paul uses the same shortened sense elsewhere: Romans 11:6 and 11:22, and 1 Corinthians 5:10, 7:14 and 15:29. Hebrews 9:26 also has it. Greek grammars treat it as a recognised usage (BDF §456).

Where it appears

Matthew · 3
  1. Matthew 18:32 ἐπεὶ because

    Then the master summoned him and said, ‘You wicked servant! I forgave all your debt because you begged me.

    Here: Gives what prompted the release: his plea. But v.27 gives the deeper motive, the master's gut-level compassion. The plea was the occasion, not a payment that earned the cancellation.

  2. Matthew 21:46 ἐπεὶ because

    Although they wanted to arrest Him, they were afraid of the crowds, because the people regarded Him as a prophet.

    Here: Gives the reason for the fear. Matthew alone among the Gospels spells out why the crowds were dangerous: they regarded Jesus as a prophet.

  3. Matthew 27:6 ἐπεὶ since [the]

    The chief priests picked up the pieces of silver and said, “It is unlawful to put this into the treasury, since it is blood money.”

    Here: Gives the reason for the ruling. The priests name the problem themselves.

Mark · 1
  1. Mark 15:42 ἐπεὶ since

    Now it was already evening. Since it was Preparation Day (that is, the day before the Sabbath),

Luke · 1
  1. Luke 1:34 ἐπεὶ since

    “How can this be,” Mary asked the angel, “since I am a virgin?”

John · 2
  1. John 13:29 ἐπεὶ since

    Since Judas kept the money bag, some thought that Jesus was telling him to buy what was needed for the feast, or to give something to the poor.

    Here: Gives the reason for their guess: Judas's job as keeper of the funds made an errand seem the obvious explanation.

  2. John 19:31 ἐπεὶ since

    It was the day of Preparation, and the next day was a High Sabbath. In order that the bodies would not remain on the cross during the Sabbath, the Jews asked Pilate to have the legs broken and the bodies removed.

    Here: Gives the reason the request was urgent: the day was running out.

Romans · 3
  1. Romans 3:6 ἐπεὶ Otherwise

    Certainly not! In that case, how could God judge the world?

    Here: Literally 'since,' but compressed here: 'since, if that were so...' It carries the whole argument, introducing the absurd result that would follow if God really were unjust.

  2. Romans 11:6 ἐπεὶ otherwise

    And if it is by grace, then it is no longer by works. Otherwise, grace would no longer be grace.

    Here: A shortened argument: "since [if it were otherwise]…" This is why translations render it "otherwise." It brings in the reason the two cannot be mixed.

  3. Romans 11:22 ἐπεὶ otherwise

    Take notice, therefore, of the kindness and severity of God: severity to those who fell, but kindness to you, if you continue in His kindness. Otherwise you also will be cut off.

    Here: A shortened 'since (if that is not so)…', which amounts to 'otherwise'.

1 Corinthians · 5
  1. 1 Corinthians 5:10 ἐπεὶ since

    I was not including the sexually immoral of this world, or the greedy and swindlers, or idolaters. In that case you would have to leave this world.

    Here: Here it means 'otherwise' and introduces the absurd result of the misreading.

  2. 1 Corinthians 7:14 ἐπεὶ else

    For the unbelieving husband is sanctified through his believing wife, and the unbelieving wife is sanctified through her believing husband. Otherwise your children would be unclean, but now they are holy.

    Here: Opens a shortened argument: 'since, if this were not so…'. Paul uses the same construction in 1 Cor 5:10 ('since then you would have to leave the world').

  3. 1 Corinthians 14:12 ἐπεὶ since

    It is the same with you. Since you are eager to have spiritual gifts, strive to excel in gifts that build up the church.

    Here: Gives a reason and grants it as fact. Paul is not saying "if you are eager." He accepts that they are eager and builds on it.

  4. 1 Corinthians 14:16 ἐπεὶ Otherwise

    Otherwise, if you speak a blessing in spirit, how can someone who is uninstructed say “Amen” to your thanksgiving, since he does not know what you are saying?

    Here: Short for "since, if it were otherwise…". It ties this verse to v. 15: Paul will pray with his mind as well, because otherwise the following problem comes up.

  5. 1 Corinthians 15:29 Ἐπεὶ Otherwise

    If these things are not so, what will those do who are baptized for the dead? If the dead are not raised at all, why are people baptized for them?

2 Corinthians · 2
  1. 2 Corinthians 11:18 ἐπεὶ Since

    Since many are boasting according to the flesh, I too will boast.

  2. 2 Corinthians 13:3 ἐπεὶ since

    since you are demanding proof that Christ is speaking through me. He is not weak in dealing with you but is powerful among you.

    Here: Gives the reason for the warning just made in 13:2 ("I will not spare"). Paul is saying: I will come down hard, because you yourselves are asking for proof.

Hebrews · 9
  1. Hebrews 2:14 Ἐπεὶ Since

    Now since the children have flesh and blood, He too shared in their humanity, so that by His death He might destroy him who holds the power of death, that is, the devil,

    Here: Introduces the ground of the argument: what is true of the children is the reason for what the Son did.

  2. Hebrews 4:6 ἐπεὶ Since

    Since, then, it remains for some to enter His rest, and since those who formerly heard the good news did not enter because of their disobedience,

    Here: Opens a reason clause. It governs both halves of the verse: two facts are laid down, and the conclusion comes in verse 7. The sentence is deliberately left hanging at the end of v.6.

  3. Hebrews 5:2 ἐπεὶ since

    He is able to deal gently with those who are ignorant and misguided, since he himself is subject to weakness.

    Here: Introduces the reason he is able to deal gently.

  4. Hebrews 5:11 ἐπεὶ since

    We have much to say about this, but it is hard to explain, because you are dull of hearing.

    Here: Gives the reason the explanation is hard. The obstacle is the state of the audience.

  5. Hebrews 6:13 ἐπεὶ since

    When God made His promise to Abraham, since He had no one greater to swear by, He swore by Himself,

    Here: Gives the reason for the unusual form of the oath: because no higher guarantor existed.

  6. Hebrews 9:17 ἐπεὶ since

    because a will does not take effect until the one who made it has died; it cannot be executed while he is still alive.

  7. Hebrews 9:26 ἐπεὶ Otherwise

    Otherwise, Christ would have had to suffer repeatedly since the foundation of the world. But now He has appeared once for all at the end of the ages to do away with sin by the sacrifice of Himself.

    Here: Used here in a cut-short sense: 'since (if it were otherwise)…', which comes to 'otherwise'. It brings in the absurd result of supposing Christ had to offer himself repeatedly (v. 25).

  8. Hebrews 10:2 ἐπεὶ Otherwise

    If it could, would not the offerings have ceased? For the worshipers would have been cleansed once for all, and would no longer have felt the guilt of their sins.

  9. Hebrews 11:11 ἐπεὶ since

    By faith Sarah, even though she was barren and beyond the proper age, was enabled to conceive a child, because she considered Him faithful who had promised.

    Here: It gives the reason behind the faith: what she judged about God.

Word data: STEPBible.org (CC BY 4.0), main text only.